tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-71225143228165785562024-03-05T09:21:42.539-08:00The Pharma Education | Pharmaceutical Education WebsiteThe Pharma Education website is an interactive platform has been created with the aim to provide information and support to the pharmacy students and pharmaceutical professionals.Adminhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07734605578232476934noreply@blogger.comBlogger79125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7122514322816578556.post-70554686660620950782023-07-03T23:56:00.002-07:002023-07-03T23:56:57.465-07:00Types of Closures in Packaging<h1 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: medium;">CLOSURES</span></h1><p><span style="font-size: medium;">The closure is the most critical component of the package, as far as stability of the product is concerned. An effective closure system must prevent the contents from escaping and should not allow any substance to enter the container.</span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;">Closures are available in five basic designs.<br />1. Screw-on type (threaded or lug, type),<br />2. Crimp-on type (crown),<br />3. Press-on type,<br />4. Roll-on type, and<br />5. Friction type closures.</span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjU-xqiFAE4R6hF4fe_mPQjDfiwjGgBiVWa-mjWsQYVBsnb7JQOhgbhxujfe1Rh5V1WxpD_0a_DgiEo-ih1m3Dn6JKdTKQECbFX2neqJDF5jqUTVka0xe51bNOW8d1J5mlnx2g4dLVltrFkYOVDrfOJhF2w7zTsfxK7yP8qJI-aH-f9nrQxVPtKRCCqTrk/s640/Metal%20in%20Pharmaceutical%20Packaging.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="445" data-original-width="640" height="223" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjU-xqiFAE4R6hF4fe_mPQjDfiwjGgBiVWa-mjWsQYVBsnb7JQOhgbhxujfe1Rh5V1WxpD_0a_DgiEo-ih1m3Dn6JKdTKQECbFX2neqJDF5jqUTVka0xe51bNOW8d1J5mlnx2g4dLVltrFkYOVDrfOJhF2w7zTsfxK7yP8qJI-aH-f9nrQxVPtKRCCqTrk/s320/Metal%20in%20Pharmaceutical%20Packaging.jpeg" width="320" /></a></span></div><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /> </span><p></p><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Screw-on type:</span></h2><p><span style="font-size: medium;">(a) Threaded screw cap: When the screw cap is placed on the container, its threads match with the<br />corresponding threads on the neck of the bottle. There is usually a linear present in the cap, pressed against the opening of the container. This seals the product in the container by overcoming irregularities in the sealing surface. Screw caps are usually made of metal such as tin or aluminium, or of plastic. Metal caps are coated with lacquer, to prevent corrosion.<br />(b) Lug cap: The lug cap is similar to a threaded screw cap. It is simply an interrupted thread on the glass finish, instead of a continuous thread. It is used to engage a lug on the cap sidewall and draw the cap down to the sealing surface of the container. Unlike the threaded closure, it requires only a quarter turn. Lug caps can be used for normal atmospheric pressure and vacuum pressure closing. It offers a hermatic seal and can be used in sterile products. It is also suitable on production lines.</span></p><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Crimp-on type closures or crowns:</span></h2><p><span style="font-size: medium;">This is very commonly used for beverage bottles. Crowns are made up of metals such as tin or tin coated metal.<br /></span></p><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Roll-on type closures:</span></h2><p><span style="font-size: medium;">It gives secured seals. It can be opened easily and then resealed effectively. Usually, they are made up of aluminium. These type of closures are used in foods, beverages, chemicals and<br />pharmaceuticals. The types available in the roll-on type of closures are resealable, non-resealable and pilfer proof (pp). Roll-on type of closures are extremely suitable for glass containers, since these closures allow for dimensional changes in the glass container. Each roll-on closure precisely fits a specific container.<br />(a) Pilfer proof closures: It is similar to a normal roll-on closure, but it has greater skirt length. This additional skirt length extends below the threaded portion, to form a bank. This bank or ring is attached to the basic cap by narrow metal “bridges”. When the container is opened by removing pilfer proof closure, these narrow bridges break and the ring remains in place over the neck of the container. The consumer can reseal the container, but the separated or detached ring indicates that the package has been opened. Therefore, it is called pilfer proof. Sometimes, in the industry the term “R.O.P.P” caps is used. This implies “Roll-On Pilfer proof” caps.<br />(b) Non-resealable or non-resealable Roll-On closures: Sometimes a reusable cap is not desirable. Nonresealable caps require unthreaded glass finishes. The skirts of these closures are rolled under retaining rings on the glass container. Closures of this kind are of tear-off type, and they are tamper-proof and pilfer proof.</span></p>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7122514322816578556.post-62028493565447297332023-04-19T00:09:00.004-07:002023-04-19T00:15:44.447-07:00Responsibilities of Regulatory Affairs Professionals<h2 style="text-align: left;"></h2><p style="text-align: left;">The regulatory department is responsible for so many things. They have to ensure manufacturers comply with global regulatory requirements.<br /><br />Regulatory Affairs manages how drugs and medical devices are developed, tested, manufactured, marketed and distributed, and regulatory affairs are involved in each of these steps to certify that the product themselves and each of the steps meet regulatory standards for human use.<br /></p><h2 style="text-align: left;">Responsibilities of Regulatory Affairs Professionals</h2><p style="text-align: left;">Overall, the regulatory department is responsible for a lot. First, they have to ensure manufacturers are in compliance with any applicable global legislative and regulatory requirements. And these steps need to be followed at each stage of the development process, so all the way from research and development to the pre-clinical phase through the clinical phase, and then followed by marketing and post-marketing.<br />Along with the drug development process, there are many times where regulatory submissions are required to move on to the next phase of the drug development process. Next, regulatory affairs professional is also responsible for keeping track of all the different updated legislative not only in the countries that the company might be in but globally which means, basically, anywhere that company is looking to distribute its products. <br /><br />Regulatory is also called upon for advising different legal and scientific restraints and requirements throughout the drug development process. Regulatory affairs professional is also responsible for collecting, understanding, collating and identifying scientific and clinical data. Again, that data goes to all the different regulatory submissions. <br /><br />So, it’s very important for every regulatory person to understand what that data truly means. Along with that, the regulatory affairs department is also responsible for giving any strategic and technical advice to the different functional areas from a regulatory standpoint. And these functional areas can stand from medical affairs, clinical development but also into commercial marketing. <br /><br />Another huge responsibility for regulatory affairs professionals is to make sure that all the records and documentation are kept correctly. A lot of submissions require annual reports to the FDA or to any other governmental agency depending on the country and to fill out these reports is very important to understand what happens throughout the year and that requires immaculate documentation.</p><p style="text-align: left;"></p><p style="text-align: left;"></p><p style="text-align: left;"></p><p style="text-align: left;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg9tMpu3o20QAqG5uiUKELbQBs9lNPw_F8p7Wx4m-XX5PuL3c2fUyHH3moN9704L-ZGH16ff9RxnWRuHSKKplbL81Ia7__N9jVZM7SGIxnZq54icydC8H3J4IZbfF3EYp0YRXKC2dc-9-_dh0sbUPF3G_oL-bqRP3ko3dD8O1KX9lYVMszHdJmtYblK/s740/Regulatory%20Affairs.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="400" data-original-width="740" height="173" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg9tMpu3o20QAqG5uiUKELbQBs9lNPw_F8p7Wx4m-XX5PuL3c2fUyHH3moN9704L-ZGH16ff9RxnWRuHSKKplbL81Ia7__N9jVZM7SGIxnZq54icydC8H3J4IZbfF3EYp0YRXKC2dc-9-_dh0sbUPF3G_oL-bqRP3ko3dD8O1KX9lYVMszHdJmtYblK/s320/Regulatory%20Affairs.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><p></p><p><br /></p><p style="background: transparent; color: #0e101a; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><b><span data-preserver-spaces="true" style="background: transparent; color: #0e101a; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">General sub-departments that exist from company to company are as follow: </span></b></p><h3 style="background: transparent; color: #0e101a; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: left;"><span data-preserver-spaces="true" style="background: transparent; color: #0e101a; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">1. Advertising and Promotion</span></h3><p style="background: transparent; color: #0e101a; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span data-preserver-spaces="true" style="background: transparent; color: #0e101a; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">Deals with marketing assets and makes sure that are in compliance with all regulations for all purposes.</span></p><p style="background: transparent; color: #0e101a; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><br /></p><h3 style="background: transparent; color: #0e101a; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: left;"><span data-preserver-spaces="true" style="background: transparent; color: #0e101a; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">2. Drug labeling</span></h3><p style="background: transparent; color: #0e101a; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span data-preserver-spaces="true" style="background: transparent; color: #0e101a; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">A whole team is required to update the label based on regulation which will be different based on which country is filing a submission for. A label needs to be in compliance with all regulations and also needs to be very scientifically sound. </span></p><p style="background: transparent; color: #0e101a; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><br /></p><h3 style="background: transparent; color: #0e101a; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: left;"><span data-preserver-spaces="true" style="background: transparent; color: #0e101a; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">3. Chemistry, Manufacturing, Control (CMC)</span></h3><p style="background: transparent; color: #0e101a; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span data-preserver-spaces="true" style="background: transparent; color: #0e101a; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">This deals with understanding all of the different processes within manufacturing, chemistry and testing. This all information is required for different submissions to the regulatory agencies and it’s incredibly important to understand how to decipher, collect and relate that information to the governmental agency. </span></p><p style="background: transparent; color: #0e101a; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><br /></p><h3 style="background: transparent; color: #0e101a; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: left;"><span data-preserver-spaces="true" style="background: transparent; color: #0e101a; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">4. Strategy</span></h3><p style="background: transparent; color: #0e101a; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span data-preserver-spaces="true" style="background: transparent; color: #0e101a; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">With regulatory strategies focuses on giving insight and advice on where different submissions should happen and what needs to be done to make that submission possible. Strategies behind any meetings with the FDA that would one want to make an appointment for, etc. Strategy is one of the huge parameters for the drug development process from a regulatory standpoint. </span></p><p style="background: transparent; color: #0e101a; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><br /></p><h3 style="background: transparent; color: #0e101a; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: left;"><span data-preserver-spaces="true" style="background: transparent; color: #0e101a; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">5. Medical Writing</span></h3><p style="background: transparent; color: #0e101a; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span data-preserver-spaces="true" style="background: transparent; color: #0e101a; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">An expert who is responsible for writing different submissions and documentation as a writer.</span></p><p style="background: transparent; color: #0e101a; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><br /></p><p style="background: transparent; color: #0e101a; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span data-preserver-spaces="true" style="background: transparent; color: #0e101a; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">Regulatory as a department can be seen as a geeky part between the company and the regulatory agency. For regulatory affairs and for any pharmaceutical company in general their main client is the FDA because if they can get through the FDA and get approval from FDA then eventually products can go to the market.</span></p>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7122514322816578556.post-47431767031018802192023-04-18T00:19:00.009-07:002023-04-18T23:58:02.662-07:00Importance of Regulatory Affairs in Pharmaceuticals<h2 style="text-align: left;">Importance of Regulatory Affairs in Pharmaceuticals</h2><p>Regulatory affairs play an important role in pharmaceuticals. It plays an important role from the discovery of new molecules to the commercialization of pharmaceutical products. It has various roles in the manufacturing of pharmaceutical products.</p><p>Regulatory affairs evaluate and perform quality checks to ensure that the pharmaceutical products, cosmetics and nutritional supplements rolled out by the pharmaceutical industry are safe and effective for consumer use. In other words, regulatory affairs are in place to protect public health by assessing the processes of drug discovery, manufacturing, and promotion of pharmaceutical products.<br /></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJczVpmOdJCV92O1kPIxkJ63h0BY8X4iIhUTMb_7SegA9ycksFBzAMYd-DLJ0xFCzIeYYr99th6_lJ1zFssW6lRQvISOW5qmyaz3GW6uSsG7fJ0xKXQ0GtknSAlxj9Ylk9iXKzhL1Trj6jyPxmEOn-7T4iy5aS6yOuVRmS6EtddMDPjRDZBS_5QKb3/s740/Regulatory%20Affairs.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="400" data-original-width="740" height="173" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJczVpmOdJCV92O1kPIxkJ63h0BY8X4iIhUTMb_7SegA9ycksFBzAMYd-DLJ0xFCzIeYYr99th6_lJ1zFssW6lRQvISOW5qmyaz3GW6uSsG7fJ0xKXQ0GtknSAlxj9Ylk9iXKzhL1Trj6jyPxmEOn-7T4iy5aS6yOuVRmS6EtddMDPjRDZBS_5QKb3/s320/Regulatory%20Affairs.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><p><br />Regulatory affairs in the pharmaceutical industry comprise a variety of functions. One of these functions includes staying up-to-date on the changes in the legislation of pharmaceutical drug research, manufacture, and marketing. This is a critical task as keeping updated on the rules and regulations of the pharmaceutical industry will govern manufacturing and marketing practices of pharmaceutical companies.<br /></p><p>In addition, regulatory affairs are deeply involved in the collecting, reviewing, and compiling of scientific data for assessment in search of discrepancies or compromises in quality. This is often accomplished by gathering the numerous registration documents, which are organized into sections called Common Technical Documents, and consolidating them to form a dossier for each pharmaceutical product of a specific dosage and strength.</p><p>The consolidated dossier by regulatory affairs professionals will be submitted for review by regulatory agencies such as the FDA, EMEA, or any other agencies before authorization can be granted for the manufacture, marketing, and sale of the pharmaceutical product.</p><p>This aspect of regulatory affairs is undeniably the most important element of the job, as determines whether the pharmaceutical product will ever be released into the market. The collection, consolidation, and compilation of the substantive scientific data and medical issues obtained from the clinical research and experimental trials conducted on pharmaceutical drugs take up the lion's share of regulatory affairs.</p><p>Hence, it is quite evident that regulatory affairs are crucial in navigating the course of product development and product launches in the mammoth industry that is the pharmaceutical sector. Perched in a position where regulatory affairs can deliver vital strategic guidance and technical advisory to pharmaceutical multinational corporations, its work is integral for the scientific and commercial success of a pharmaceutical product, right from the conception of the idea at the stage of research and development, throughout the rigorous process of clinical trials, and finally onto marketing and branding before it sees the light of day.</p><p>Regulatory affairs are also essential in protecting the pharmaceutical company from any liabilities of negligence or oversight, by ensuring the companies keep thoroughly accurate documentation of clinical findings, scientific data, and accurate demonstrations of feedback on the efficacy and side effects of the drugs tested.</p><p>In addition, regulatory affairs extend its influence onto coordinating with various other regulatory agencies and departments to facilitate the submissions of proper and precise information for evaluation, to secure a swift and successful approval for the pharmaceutical products to penetrate and perform in the market. Hence, regulatory affairs are the language that the international drug regulatory ecosystem speaks and allows the communication between teams of multi-disciplinary individuals to facilitate the life cycle of pharmaceutical products.</p><p></p><p><b>Related Topics</b></p><p><a href="https://www.thepharmaeducation.com/2019/08/list-of-pharmaceutical-regulatory-agencies-and-organizations.html"><b>List of Pharmaceutical Regulatory Agencies and Organizations around the World</b></a></p><p><a href="https://www.thepharmaeducation.com/2020/05/major-regulatory-agencies-world-wide.html"><b>Major Regulatory Agencies World Wide</b></a></p><p><br /></p>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7122514322816578556.post-71530104182816184432023-04-18T00:00:00.004-07:002023-04-18T00:00:38.051-07:00Graphical Abstract<p>Nowadays graphical abstracts are getting popular. Many journals are increasingly requesting the submission of a graphical abstract or visual abstract along with the article.</p><p>Graphical abstracts are single, brief, and visual summary of the main outcome of the article. It visually represents the primary conclusions of an article and helps readers to easily identify the article’s main message at a single glance.</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg3AtGis6F0HTTeDEhTLN_ZvwpbTUk5R23mcT9I-7DYQf77eGKeL8xzmuCc5LZv1Yal49RA-i5FKUwAJT_l1dhMnKDqd-CQ4Snm7AlJz0-bBKYfUO-_4s50puJODqyayYSJxUXF7DMM2UKqA_kvPgcyuy72d2gYUUUUBHcdgtosLTB48MOhdSdwD_Qc/s1280/Slide23.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="720" data-original-width="1280" height="180" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg3AtGis6F0HTTeDEhTLN_ZvwpbTUk5R23mcT9I-7DYQf77eGKeL8xzmuCc5LZv1Yal49RA-i5FKUwAJT_l1dhMnKDqd-CQ4Snm7AlJz0-bBKYfUO-_4s50puJODqyayYSJxUXF7DMM2UKqA_kvPgcyuy72d2gYUUUUBHcdgtosLTB48MOhdSdwD_Qc/s320/Slide23.JPG" width="320" /></a></div><br /><p><br /></p><p>You can contact us for Graphical abstract design.</p><p><a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/105TEkoaQktMspHImDGGXnbHBNcpHCyKB/view">Download Samples Here</a><br /></p>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7122514322816578556.post-3262466569223442242023-04-08T23:55:00.009-07:002023-04-09T00:31:29.854-07:00Finished Product Specification in Pharmaceutical Industry<h1 style="text-align: left;">Finished Product Specification</h1><p>Fundamentally, a specification is the documented roadmap of how to produce your finished products consistently, legally, and safely.<br />Specifications are critical quality standards that are proposed and justified by the manufacturer and approved by <a href="https://www.thepharmaeducation.com/2020/05/major-regulatory-agencies-world-wide.html">regulatory authorities</a> as a condition of approval.<br />Specifications are one part of a total control strategy for the drug substance and drug product designed to ensure quality and consistency.<br />Finished Product Specifications are set to make sure safe and quality product is consistently made.</p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEibPyLfdB6G4z4BHQE9TpF-bsFDnMUV1d9LFVkd16AnESVMo-YJvTqU_Q7Emv_tXv8c4zu7Y66NnXluewSeS5mohZMUb-dZMXFLJKtMgJwnNEIFHxwVm6vXrUfKeHVRfTrneOy7jgownE1fPEZJbo3zJwgmC5BYPPdTsLU4CiLmKVVJQgRMCoOFSi7d/s900/Finished%20Product%20Specification.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="601" data-original-width="900" height="214" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEibPyLfdB6G4z4BHQE9TpF-bsFDnMUV1d9LFVkd16AnESVMo-YJvTqU_Q7Emv_tXv8c4zu7Y66NnXluewSeS5mohZMUb-dZMXFLJKtMgJwnNEIFHxwVm6vXrUfKeHVRfTrneOy7jgownE1fPEZJbo3zJwgmC5BYPPdTsLU4CiLmKVVJQgRMCoOFSi7d/s320/Finished%20Product%20Specification.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><br /> <p></p><p>A specification normally comprises of following two types of tests:<br /></p><div style="text-align: left;"><b>Universal Tests: </b>Tests that are applicable to all drug substances and drug products irrespective of the material.</div><div style="text-align: left;"><b>Specific Tests: </b>Tests that are unique to the substance/product itself or the specific form of the drug substance/drug product.</div><p style="text-align: left;"></p><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Universal Tests</span></h2><p style="text-align: left;">The following tests and acceptance criteria are considered generally applicable to all new drug products.<br /></p><h3 style="text-align: left;">Description</h3><p style="text-align: left;">A qualitative statement about the state (e.g. solid, liquid) and color of the new drug substance.<br />Examples of product descriptions are<br /></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>If the product is a tablet form then we can describe it as ‘A blue coloured elongated, biconvex film-coated tablet having break line on one side & other side plain.</li></ul><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>If the product is in capsule form we can describe ‘Light peach coloured filled capsules with off-white coloured powder.’</li></ul><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>For liquid form, the description can be ‘Light pink coloured flavoured syrup’ etc.</li></ul><h3 style="text-align: left;">Identification</h3><p>The purpose of Identification testing is to verify the identity of the <a href="https://www.thepharmaeducation.com/2020/07/active-pharmaceutical-ingredient.html">active pharmaceutical ingredient</a> (API) on the pharmaceutical product.<br />The Identification test will be able to discriminate between compounds of nearly related structures that are probably present.<br />For testing different types of identification methods are used for example <a href="https://www.thepharmaeducation.com/2020/07/high-performance-liquid-chromatography-hplc.html">HPLC</a>, thin layer chromatography, infrared spectrophotometry, etc.</p><h3 style="text-align: left;">Assay</h3><p>An Assay is an analysis used to determine the presence of a particular substance and its concentration.<br />For example, an assay may be conducted on a vaccine to determine its effectiveness in preventing illness.<br />Assay by HPLC is the most common chemical test used to measure the quality of the drug substance.<br /></p><h3 style="text-align: left;">Impurities</h3><p>Impurity testing is a scientific process of identifying and isolating unknown materials in pharmaceutical finished products.<br />Several impurity analysis methods are found in pharmaceutical quality control like HPLC/UV method, impurity in the substance is estimated using HPLC techniques by comparing chromatograms from a pair of sample solutions.</p><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Specific Tests</span></h2><p>In addition to the universal tests listed above, the following tests may be considered on a case-by-case basis for drug substances and/or drug products.</p><p>Different individual tests are performed on drug substances or products to ensure the quality of the product. Some are listed below.</p><h3 style="text-align: left;">Physicochemical properties</h3><p>These are properties such as the pH of an aqueous solution, melting point/range, and refractive index.<br />pH may have a significant influence on drug solubility, stability, and absorption so it is an important factor that can affect it.<br />For pH testing, a pH meter is used.<br /></p><h3 style="text-align: left;">Dissolution</h3><p>Dissolution is the process in which a substance forms a solution.<br />Dissolution testing measures the extent and rate of solution formation from a dosage form such as a tablet, capsule, etc.</p><h3 style="text-align: left;">Disintegration</h3><p>Disintegration measures, under standard conditions, the ability of a sample to break into smaller particles.</p><p>a disintegration test is used to show how quickly the tablet breaks down into smaller particles, allowing for a greater surface area and availability of a drug when taken by a patient.</p><h3 style="text-align: left;">Uniformity of Dosage unit</h3><p>This test is to analyse the quality control of capsules and tablets.<br />Multiple capsules or tablets are selected at random and a suitable analytical method is applied to assay the individual content of the active ingredient in each capsule or tablet.<br /></p><h3 style="text-align: left;">Microbial limit test</h3><p>This test is performed to assess how many and which of certain viable microorganisms are present in non-sterile pharmaceutical samples from raw material to finished product.<br />The test provides information about the tested product by determining if the quantitative limit for certain microorganisms is exceeded.<br /></p><h3 style="text-align: left;">Water content</h3><p>Water content or moisture content is a term associated with the amount of water held in a substance or material.<br />Moisture content determination is an important quality control test in pharmaceutical manufacturing.<br />The primary methods of water content determination include spectroscopic, chemical, conductivity, and thermogravimetric analysis.</p><p></p><p></p><h4 style="text-align: left;">Related Content</h4><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><a href="https://www.thepharmaeducation.com/2022/01/list-of-stamps-and-types-of-document.html" target="_blank">List of Stamps and Types of Document Copies in Pharmaceutical Industry</a></li><li><a href="https://achillustrator.blogspot.com/p/scientific-graphics.html" target="_blank">Design Graphical Abstract </a></li></ul>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7122514322816578556.post-36703983298953899902022-01-13T20:49:00.002-08:002022-01-13T21:01:32.236-08:00List of Stamps and Types of Document Copies in Pharmaceutical Industry<h1 style="text-align: left;">List of Stamps and Types of Document Copies in Pharmaceutical Industry<br /></h1><p style="text-align: left;">There are different types of document copies in Pharmaceutical Industry and and they have respective stamps on it.</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjVTOIfvjh3EUCmk8PLOy0IXqChFHZqW84F36029m001kiccS0kibxcI7GarJINSkvMcsXLZujYoA4CXDe00Rx923DbJU4HbXZDc6liv-P9lwQSeGMc8tKo3gJ0NKlQ864SmWz7M7XnlhQiAbYaKXVHr9iiaGUqtICGKe485-FJAp91YuIqLXXLY8Og=s242" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="208" data-original-width="242" height="208" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjVTOIfvjh3EUCmk8PLOy0IXqChFHZqW84F36029m001kiccS0kibxcI7GarJINSkvMcsXLZujYoA4CXDe00Rx923DbJU4HbXZDc6liv-P9lwQSeGMc8tKo3gJ0NKlQ864SmWz7M7XnlhQiAbYaKXVHr9iiaGUqtICGKe485-FJAp91YuIqLXXLY8Og" width="242" /></a></div><br /><p style="text-align: left;"><br /></p><h1 style="text-align: left;">Master Copy</h1><p>It is the final approved/authorized copy of any document which is maintained by QA & stamped as "MASTER COPY" on the top center of each page.</p><h1 style="text-align: left;">Controlled Copy</h1><p>When a photocopy of the master document is issued to concerned departments for their reference purpose, it shall be stamped as “CONTROLLED COPY” on the top right corner of the first page & the remaining pages shall be stamped as “CONTROLLED”.</p><p>QA shall keep a record for all the issued controlled copies.</p><p>In case of revision of any Master document, QA shall issue revised controlled copies to the Dept., retrieve back all the superseded copies & destruct them.</p><h1 style="text-align: left;">Uncontrolled copy</h1><p>In the case where any document is required by any outside agency or external customer, it shall be issued by QA by putting a stamp of “UNCONTROLLED COPY” on the top right corner of each page.</p><p>Usually, no record is maintained for Uncontrolled Copy.</p><h1 style="text-align: left;">Reference Copy</h1><p>In case any internal customer requires a copy for reference purposes, then it shall be stamped as “REFERENCE COPY” on the top right corner of each page.</p><h1 style="text-align: left;">Obsolete Copy<br /></h1><p>In case of revision of any Master Document, superseded (old) copy of the master document shall be stamped as “OBSOLETE” on the top right corner of each page.<br />All the controlled copies of supersede documents shall be retrieved back & destructed as per their procedure.</p><h1 style="text-align: left;">Void</h1><p>When any product is discontinued or production planning is canceled, then all master documents related to it (SOPs, BMRs, Specs, Test data sheets, etc.) shall be stamped as “VOID” on the top right corner of each page.<br />All the issued controlled copies of the void document shall be retrieved back & destructed as per their procedure.</p><p></p><h1 style="text-align: left;">Implemented as Such</h1><p>In case of any corporate SOP is directly adopted at the site, then a photocopy of Corporate SOP shall be stamped as “IMPLEMENTED AS SUCH” on the center bottom of the first page.<br /></p>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7122514322816578556.post-32840308221391627382021-04-11T01:24:00.001-07:002021-04-11T01:26:02.970-07:00Multiple Emulsion : An Overview<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
Emulsions may be described as heterogeneous systems, where one immiscible liquid is dispersed in the form of droplets and stabilized by a third component called an emulsifying agent. These two liquids are also chemically nonreactive and form the systems that are characterized by low thermodynamical stability. Based on their formation, emulsions can be divided into:<br />
<b>1. Simple Emulsion </b><br />
<b>2. Multiple Emulsion</b><br />
<br />
Simple Emulsions can be divided according to their continuous phase or dispersed phase as.<br />
<b>1. Oil-in-water emulsions (O/W) –</b> where oil is the disperse phase in a continuous phase of water.<br />
<b>2. Water-in-oil emulsions (W/O) –</b> where water is the disperse phase in a continuous phase of oil.<br />
<br />
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
Multiple Emulsions:</h3>
Multiple emulsions are more complex than their two-phase counterparts from the standpoint of formulation, stability, and drug release. They are useful tools in achieving sustained release drug delivery for different routes.<br />
The present study aims towards the formulation of multiple emulsions, which contain an additional reservoir that is an extra step for the partitioning of the drug, which can effectively retard the release rate of the drug and decrease the dose frequency.<br />
Multiple emulsions are novel carrier system which is complex and polydispersed in nature where both w/o and o/w emulsion exists simultaneously in a single system. Lipophilic and hydrophilic surfactants are used for stabilizing these two emulsions respectively. The droplets of the dispersed phase contain even smaller dispersed droplets themselves, therefore also called as “emulsions of emulsions”. Each dispersed globule in the double emulsion forms a vesicular structure with single or multiple aqueous compartments separated from the aqueous phase by a layer of oil phase compartments. In multiple emulsion system solutes has to transverse from inner miscible phase to outer miscible phase through the middle immiscible organic phase, so it also called liquid membrane system.<br />
<br />
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
Types of multiple emulsions</h3>
a) Oil in water in oil (o/w/o) emulsion- In O/W/O systems, an aqueous phase separates internal and external oil phases. In other words, O/W/O is a system in which water droplets may be surrounded in an oil phase, which in turn encloses one or more oil droplets.<br />
b) Water in oil in water (w/o/w) emulsion- In W/O/W systems, an organic phase separates internal and external aqueous phases. In other words, W/O/W is a system in which an oil droplet may be surrounded by an aqueous phase, which in turn is encloses one or more water droplets.<br />
These systems are the most studied among the multiple emulsions<br />
<br />
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
Advantages of Multiple Emulsions:</h3>
a. They can mask the bitter taste and odor of drugs, thereby making them more palatable. E.g. Castor oil, Cod-liver oil, Chloroquine Phosphate, etc.<br />
b. They can be used to prolong the release of the drug thereby providing sustained release action.<br />
c. Essential nutrients like carbohydrates, fats, and vitamins can all be emulsified and can be administered to bedridden patients as sterile intravenous emulsions.<br />
d. Emulsions provide protection to drugs that are susceptible to oxidation or hydrolysis.<br />
e. Intravenous emulsions of contrast media have been developed to assist in diagnosis.<br />
f. Emulsions are used widely to formulate externally used products like lotions, creams, liniments.<br />
g. Enhancement of enteric or dermal absorption.<br />
<br />
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
Limitations of multiple emulsions</h3>
The main problem associated with multiple emulsions is their thermodynamic instability and their complex structure, which has severely limited their usefulness in the many applications of multiple emulsions.<br />
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
Preparation of Multiple Emulsions</h3>
Multiple emulsions can be prepared by the re-emulsification of a primary emulsion or they can be produced when an emulsion inverts from one type to another, for example, W/O to O/W. The O/W emulsions have a small size of internal dispersed phase therefore; it is not used in therapeutics.<br />
<br />
<h4 style="text-align: left;">
a) Phase Inversion Technique or Single Step Technique</h4>
The increase in the volume of dispersed phase may cause an increase in the phase volume ratio, which subsequently leads to the formation of multiple emulsions. The method involves the addition of an aqueous phase containing the hydrophilic emulsifier (Tween 80/Sodium Docedyl Sulphate) to an oil phase consisted of liquid paran and containing a lipophilic emulsifier (Span 80). A well dened volume of the oil phase is placed in a vessel of pin mixer. An aqueous solution of emulsier is then introduced successively to the oil phase in the vessel at a rate of 5 ml/min, while the pin mixer rotates steadily at 88 rpm at room temperature. When the volume fraction of the aqueous solution exceeds 0.7, the continuous oil phase is substituted by the aqueous phase containing a number of the vesicular globules among the simple oil droplets, leading to phase inversion and formation of W/O/W multiple emulsion.<br />
<h4 style="text-align: left;">
b) Two-Step Emulsification</h4>
Multiple emulsions are usually formed by a two-step emulsification process using conventional rotor-stator or high-pressure valve homogenizers. The primary W/O or O/W emulsion is prepared under high-shear conditions to obtain small inner droplets, while the secondary emulsification step is carried out with less shear to avoid rupture of the liquid membrane between the innermost and outermost phase. However, the second step often results in highly polydisperse outer drops (if homogenizing conditions are too mild) or in small Encapsulation efficiency (if homogenization is too intensive).<br />
<h4 style="text-align: left;">
c) Membrane Emulsification Technique</h4>
In this, a W/O emulsion is extruded into an external aqueous phase with a constant pressure through a Porous Glass Membrane, which should have controlled and homogenous pores.<br />
– The particle size of the resulting emulsion can be controlled with proper selection of porous glass membranes.<br />
– The relation between membrane pore size and particle size of W/O/W emulsion exhibits good correlation as described by the following equation: Y = 5.03 X + 0.19 Where X is the pore size, Y is the particle size of the multiple emulsions.<br />
3. Stability of Multiple Emulsions Multiple Emulsion stability is a phenomenon, which depends upon the equilibrium between water, oil, and surfactant. Unfortunately, multiple emulsions are thermodynamically unstable. The possible indications of instability include:<br />
a. Leakage of the contents from the inner aqueous phase. b. Expulsion of internal droplets in external phase. c. Constriction or distension of the internal droplets due to osmotic gradient across the oil membrane. d. Flocculation of internal aqueous phase and multiple emulsion droplets. e. Disruption of oil layer on the surface of internal droplets. f. Phase separation.<br />
4. Breakdown Pathways: Some of the breakdown pathways that may be involved in W/O/W emulsion destabilization are: i. Coalescence of multiple oil drops, single or multiple. ii. Expulsion of Single Internal Droplets. iii. Expulsion of More than one Internal Droplet. iv. Coalescence of Internal Droplets before being expelled. v. Shrinkage of Internal Droplets due to diusion.<br />
5. Methods to Stabilize Multiple Emulsions: The followings are some of the attempt or studies made to restore or strengthen the stability of multiple emulsions: a. Liquid crystal stabilized multiple emulsions. b. Stabilization in presence of electrolytes. c. Stabilization by forming polymeric lm. d. Stabilization by interfacial complexation between non-ionic surfactant and macromolecules. e. Steric stabilization. f. Phase-inversion stabilization of W/O/Wemulsion.<br />
<br />
6. Behaviour of Multiple Emulsions in Biological System: ME’s have been administered by oral, parentral (i.v., i.m., s.c.) and topical routes (nasal, ocular, transdermal) routes. After oral administration ME is almost absorbed entirely from lymphatic pathway in association with intestinal lipoproteins namely chylomicrons, produced by enterocytes. They may directly be absorbed through intestinal macrophage system & Payers Patches to gain access into mesenteric lymph from where they are drained into circulation through thoracic lymph duct. Thus, they are able to carry bioactives within them avoiding degradation in intestine as well as liver. After parenteral (i.v. or i.m.) administration the emulsions are readily taken up by circulatory macrophage system to lymphatics as well as liver into fat metabolism pathway. Through other parenteral routes, the emulsion droplets gain access to nearby lymphatic node through interstitial spaces of lymphatic vessels which are relatively porous as compared to blood capillaries which have tight intracellular junctions. 7. Possible mechanism of drug release from multiple emulsions In multiple emulsions, the drug is released from internal to external phase through the oily layer by dierent mechanism. The release rates are aected by the various factors such as droplet size, pH, phase volume and viscosity etc.The various Mechanisms are:<br />
a) Diusion mechanism This is most common transport mechanism where unionized hydrophobic drug diuses through the oil layer in the stable multiple emulsions. Drug transport has been found to follow rst order kinetics and obeyed Fick’s law of diusion.<br />
b) Micellar transport Inverse micelles consisting of nonpolar part of surfactant lying outside and polar part inside encapsulate hydrophilic drug in core and permeate through the oil membrane because of the outer lipophillic nature. Inverse micelle can encapsulate both ionized and unionized drugs. Recently, the release of tetradecane from a tetradecane/water/hexadecane multiple emulsion was investigated using the dierential scanning calorimetry technique. Micellar diusion rather than molecular diusion was considered to be the preponderant mechanism for mass transfer. c) Thinning of the oil membrane Due to osmotic pressure dierence, the oil membrane became thin, so the water and drug easily diused. This pressure dierence also provides force for the transverse of molecule.<br />
d) Rupture of oil phase According to this mechanism rupturing of oil membrane can unite both aqueous phases and thus drug could be released easily. e) Facilitated diusion (Carriermediated transport) This mechanism involves a special molecule (carrier) which combines with the drug and makes it compatible to permeate through the oil membrane. These carriers can be incorporated in internal aqueous phase or oil membrane.<br />
f) Photo-osmotic transport The mechanism of this transport process is not very clear. Transport of the drug through the oil membrane takes place with the help of the light.<br />
g) Solubilization of internal phase in the oil membrane It is a conspicuous transport mechanism. In this solubilization of minute amounts of the internal phase in the membrane phase results in the transport of very small quantities of materials.<br />
<br />
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
Application of multiple Emulsion:</h3>
The most promising use of multiple emulsions is in the area of sustained release, drug formulation since the oil layer between the two aqueous phases can behave like a membrane controlling solute release. Liquid membrane emulsions of the o/w/o type have been used to separate hydrocarbons where the aqueous phase serves as the membrane and a solvent as the external phase. The system w/o/w, on the other hand, can extract contaminants from wastewater, which acts as the external phase.<br />
<br />
a) Controlled & Sustained Drug Delivery The basic potential of ME’s in clinical therapeutics is in the prolonged and controlled release of drugs. In both systems drug contained in innermost phase partitions through several phases prior to release at the site of absorption and the rate of release is governed by its ability to diuse through various phases and cross interfacial barriers.<br />
<br />
b) Enhancing Oral Bioavailability or Oral Absorption The various drugs have been incorporated in Multiple Emulsions for the enhancement of the increase of Oral bioavailability from the stomach. For eg: Heparin, Insulin, Griseofulvin, etc. The Griseofulvin’s oral absorption was increased by forming W/O/W emulsion & which may lead to the enhancement of the therapeutic effect of the drug.<br />
<br />
c) Multiple emulsions in cancer therapy Most anticancer drugs are used as emulsions because they are water-soluble. In the form of an emulsion, it is possible to control release rates of medicine and suppress strong side eects of the drug. However, a single emulsion cannot be used W/O emulsions generally have such a high viscosity that infusion of emulsions to arteries/capillaries via catheters is dicult. Also, O/W emulsions are not an option because they do not encapsulate the drug. But W/O/W emulsion systems are suitable drug carriers because of the encapsulation of the drug in the internal water phase and the low viscosity due to the external water phase. For the application of W/O/W emulsions as drug delivery systems, it is important to prepare a very stable W/O/W emulsion in which countless submicron water droplets are encapsulated. Higashi and coworkers prepared such a new drug delivery system for treating hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) using W/O/W emulsions prepared with iodinated poppy-seed oil (IPSO) and water-soluble epirubicin. The emulsion accumulates in the small vessels in the tumor when injected to the liver via the hepatic artery.<br />
<br />
d) Multiple emulsions in herbal drugs Apart from its targeted sustained release, producing the herbal drug into emulsion will also strengthen the stability of the hydrolyzed materials, improve the penetrability of drugs to the skin and mucous, and reduce the drugs’ stimulus to tissues. So far, Some kinds of herbal drugs, such as camptothecin, Bruceajavanica oil, coixenolide oil and zedoary oil have been made into an emulsion.<br />
<br />
e) Vaccine/vaccine adjuvant The use of w/o/w multiple emulsion as a new form of adjuvant for antigen was first reported by Herbert. These emulsions elicited better immune response than antigen alone. Rishendra and Jaiswal developed a multiple emulsion vaccine against Pasteurella multocida infection in cattle. This vaccine contributed both humoral as well as cell-mediated immune responses in protection against the infection. It was concluded that this multiple emulsion based vaccine can be successfully used in the effective control of haemorrhagic septicaemia.<br />
<br />
f) Oxygen substitute A multiple emulsion of aqueous oxygen carrying material in oil in outer aqueous phase is suitable for the provision of oxygen for oxygen transfer processes. Hemoglobin multiple emulsion in physiologically compatible oil in an outer aqueous saline solution is provided in sufficiently small droplet size to provide oxygen ow through blood vessels to desired body tissues or organs thereby providing a blood substitute. A process is provided wherein hemoglobin, a fragile material, is formulated into high hemoglobin content water-in-oil-in-water multiple emulsions while maintaining high yields and high oxygen exchange activity.<br />
<br />
g) Taste..masking Multiple emulsions of chloroquine, an antimalarial agent has been successfully prepared and had been found to mask the bitter taste efficiently. Taste masking of chlorpromazine, an antipsychotic drug has also been reported by multiple emulsions.<br />
<br />
h) Multiple Emulsion in Diabetes The S/O/W emulsion for oral administration of insulin has been developed by Toorisaka et al. Surfactant coated insulin was dispersed in the oil by ultrasonication, this dispersion was mixed with the outer water phase with a homogenizer and nally, the S/O/W emulsion thus obtained was studied for their hypoglycemic properties.<br />
<br />
i) Multiple Emulsion in Food The ME’s can also be used in the food industry. Sensitive food materials and avors can be encapsulated in W/O/W emulsions. Sensory tests have indicated that there is a delayed release of avor in double emulsions.<br />
<br />
j) Drug overdosage treatment ME’s can be utilized for the over-dosage treatment by utilizing the difference in pH. For Example -barbiturates. In these emulsions, the inner aqueous phase of the emulsion has the basic buer and when the emulsion is taken orally, acidic pH of the stomach acts as an external aqueous phase. In the acidic phase, barbiturate remains mainly in an unionized form which transfers through oil membrane into inner aqueous phase and gets ionized. Ionized drug has less anity to cross the oil membrane thereby getting entrapped. Thus, entrapping excess drug in multiple emulsions cures overdosage. </div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg9mXcrsUOPeIZIjr5LSpyqQqKeqr1RhdFuAL-uGvoWqP76rum01cfcR0cuzNndtNSy7ZiXhSu1iHrULK48GmI5zTbLjZEqXJhAPyQteZIVkxQYNk16sXkY5TLvIXMoJ_GulGaoetHqxN8/s300/Multiple+Emulsion.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="244" data-original-width="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg9mXcrsUOPeIZIjr5LSpyqQqKeqr1RhdFuAL-uGvoWqP76rum01cfcR0cuzNndtNSy7ZiXhSu1iHrULK48GmI5zTbLjZEqXJhAPyQteZIVkxQYNk16sXkY5TLvIXMoJ_GulGaoetHqxN8/s0/Multiple+Emulsion.jpg" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgRSyjtJpZ9653x7CQWFy_MNI6LFWFFv-qvbWtrAyT4JN_vj_kRYl3fsQd9l2K-WGxjiz3ACMt7fXsuVwvJQumuqH2QADSg51pAGPqvGYVc5F1QCz7Idx2wxmWfw7BHK-QqHYccgPOfKMI/s300/Multiple+Emulsion.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><br /></a></div><br />
Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7122514322816578556.post-38859321671450229972020-10-09T00:33:00.003-07:002020-10-09T00:36:04.632-07:00Best Books for GPAT and NIPER Preparation<h1 style="text-align: left;"> Best Books for GPAT and NIPER Preparation.</h1><p> Here you can find the list of Best Books for GPAT Preparation. <br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhAukUoqqgLbw3txpce6y2jbfUTTqjqEmqZi28mPC2hjkVRAtAq-U50P3miMqRFvkiu6yRQdVe3tPCpr0-OKdjLk6qKVTl6bPlx0DQqnn5hfu-6RzbecJD96ff0wqQB-MsgqM475ctt2yg/s640/Best+Books+for+GPAT+Preparation.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Best Books for GPAT Preparation" border="0" data-original-height="480" data-original-width="640" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhAukUoqqgLbw3txpce6y2jbfUTTqjqEmqZi28mPC2hjkVRAtAq-U50P3miMqRFvkiu6yRQdVe3tPCpr0-OKdjLk6qKVTl6bPlx0DQqnn5hfu-6RzbecJD96ff0wqQB-MsgqM475ctt2yg/w320-h240/Best+Books+for+GPAT+Preparation.jpg" title="Best Books for GPAT Preparation" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><br /></p>
<a href="https://www.amazon.in/gp/product/B08BHXPCTB/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=3638&creative=24630&creativeASIN=B08BHXPCTB&linkCode=as2&tag=abhishekchouh-21&linkId=0a08f7b468b59415c29e742d2e612428" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="//ws-in.amazon-adsystem.com/widgets/q?_encoding=UTF8&MarketPlace=IN&ASIN=B08BHXPCTB&ServiceVersion=20070822&ID=AsinImage&WS=1&Format=_SL250_&tag=abhishekchouh-21" /></a><img alt="" border="0" height="1" src="//ir-in.amazon-adsystem.com/e/ir?t=abhishekchouh-21&l=am2&o=31&a=B08BHXPCTB" style="border: medium none; margin: 0px;" width="1" />
<iframe frameborder="0" marginheight="0" marginwidth="0" scrolling="no" src="//ws-in.amazon-adsystem.com/widgets/q?ServiceVersion=20070822&OneJS=1&Operation=GetAdHtml&MarketPlace=IN&source=ac&ref=tf_til&ad_type=product_link&tracking_id=abhishekchouh-21&marketplace=amazon&region=IN&placement=9353946247&asins=9353946247&linkId=608f1b7765502ddb8ce5ca076de39314&show_border=false&link_opens_in_new_window=true&price_color=333333&title_color=0066c0&bg_color=ffffff" style="height: 240px; width: 120px;">
</iframe>
<iframe frameborder="0" marginheight="0" marginwidth="0" scrolling="no" src="//ws-in.amazon-adsystem.com/widgets/q?ServiceVersion=20070822&OneJS=1&Operation=GetAdHtml&MarketPlace=IN&source=ac&ref=tf_til&ad_type=product_link&tracking_id=abhishekchouh-21&marketplace=amazon&region=IN&placement=9353434319&asins=9353434319&linkId=ebf1813be58429a034ba37a7a299983f&show_border=false&link_opens_in_new_window=true&price_color=333333&title_color=0066c0&bg_color=ffffff" style="height: 240px; width: 120px;">
</iframe>
<iframe frameborder="0" marginheight="0" marginwidth="0" scrolling="no" src="//ws-in.amazon-adsystem.com/widgets/q?ServiceVersion=20070822&OneJS=1&Operation=GetAdHtml&MarketPlace=IN&source=ac&ref=tf_til&ad_type=product_link&tracking_id=abhishekchouh-21&marketplace=amazon&region=IN&placement=9390197171&asins=9390197171&linkId=fc4c38d2d2514e480bdb8880d973c0d9&show_border=false&link_opens_in_new_window=true&price_color=333333&title_color=0066c0&bg_color=ffffff" style="height: 240px; width: 120px;">
</iframe>
<a href="https://www.amazon.in/gp/product/B08CNGK1SB/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=3638&creative=24630&creativeASIN=B08CNGK1SB&linkCode=as2&tag=abhishekchouh-21&linkId=dc47ac602886d392093e114744d603cf" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="//ws-in.amazon-adsystem.com/widgets/q?_encoding=UTF8&MarketPlace=IN&ASIN=B08CNGK1SB&ServiceVersion=20070822&ID=AsinImage&WS=1&Format=_SL250_&tag=abhishekchouh-21" /></a><img alt="" border="0" height="1" src="//ir-in.amazon-adsystem.com/e/ir?t=abhishekchouh-21&l=am2&o=31&a=B08CNGK1SB" style="border: medium none; margin: 0px;" width="1" />Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7122514322816578556.post-31460801630368797222020-07-19T22:29:00.000-07:002020-07-19T22:35:18.647-07:00Case on Drug of Choice in Status Epilepticus<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<h2 class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Case on Drug of Choice in Status Epilepticus </span><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></i></b></h2>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Title
of the article</span></i></b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">: Case on Drug of Choice In Status
Epilepticus.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Type
of the article</span></i></b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">: Case study</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Author’s
Name</span></i></b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">: Burani Nadia Shulamite.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Affiliation
of Author</span></i></b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">: Pharm. D final year (Doctor of
pharmacy). </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Institute
Name</span></i></b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">: CMR College of Pharmacy, (Attached
with Gandhi Medical College & Hospital), Medical, Hyderabad, 501401,
Telangana State, India.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Correspondence
Name, email Address</span></i></b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">: Burani Nadia
Shulamite, nadia.shulamite@gmail.com</span><br />
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><i><b>Article ID: </b></i>TPE/20200720/01<i><b> </b></i></span><br />
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><i><b>Submission</b></i>: 11 July 2020</span><br />
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><i><b>Acceptance</b></i>: 16 July 2020</span><br />
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><i><b>Publication</b></i>: 20 July 2020 </span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhaEDLWh9xp8qNrRyhK5-JYmyUqeSRlrKdvnljLVvKyRtlp65JYmOOBDVfGH4aJUfNmb9Z_EaSveLVAFijzQWKGfapbrGhZ8igcgAhp5QYp05Dk1e_mL2EI8QgbiVT7kyWIxs22rDeGCgc/s1600/Case+on+Drug+of+Choice+in+Status+Epilepticus.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="960" data-original-width="1280" height="150" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhaEDLWh9xp8qNrRyhK5-JYmyUqeSRlrKdvnljLVvKyRtlp65JYmOOBDVfGH4aJUfNmb9Z_EaSveLVAFijzQWKGfapbrGhZ8igcgAhp5QYp05Dk1e_mL2EI8QgbiVT7kyWIxs22rDeGCgc/s200/Case+on+Drug+of+Choice+in+Status+Epilepticus.jpg" width="200" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<h2 class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<i><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"></span></b></i><b><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">ABSTRACT</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"> </span></i></b></h2>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">It
is defined as a seizure with five minutes or more of continuous clinical and/or
electrographic seizure activity, or recurrent seizure activity without recovery
between seizures. There are multiple aetiologies for status epilepticus they
are Central nervous system (CNS) infections like meningitis, encephalitis, and
intracranial abscess. Metabolic abnormalities hypoglycaemia, hyponatremia,
hypocalcaemia, hepatic encephalopathy, and inborn errors of metabolism in
children, Cerebrovascular accidents, Head trauma, Drug toxicity like
benzodiazepines and barbiturates and Alcohol withdrawal syndrome</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">. The
diagnosis of convulsive status epilepticus is made clinically but requires
emergent neuroimaging and laboratory studies to identify a potential aetiology.
A head computed tomography (CT) scan is appropriate in most situations and most
easily obtained. </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Benzodiazepams are the first-line drugs,
Second-line drugs are anti-epileptic drugs fosphenytoin is the drug of choice,
Phenytoin sodium should be used only when fosphenytoin is not available. This
is a prospective study the case details is collected and documented in a
documentation form, the case was followed up regularly. A 48 years old male
patient was admitted with chief complaints of having recurrent seizures
episodes since the morning of GTCS (general tonic-clonic seizure) type,
Shortness of breathe, loss of consciousness, tongue bite. Patient is a known
case of epilepsy, is on irregular medication of anti-convulsant drug
(T.Phenytoin 500mg TID). The patient is a chronic alcoholic and smoker. I have
Obtained Drug information Query regarding drug of choice in status epilepticus
whether it is phenytoin or Fosphenytoin for status epilepticus by
post-graduate. My response to it was According to few resources fosphenytoin is
a better choice of a drug over phenytoin for status epilepsy. Fosphenytoin can
be given at a faster rate than phenytoin i.e 150ml/min fosphenytoin can be
infused while phenytoin only 50ml/min can be infused. High Local intolerance,
Tissue necrosis is seen when phenytoin is infused, while fosphenytoin has a
very high tolerance. The importance of medication adherence is explained to the
patient as this is the clear case of non-adherence to the anti-epileptic drugs.
Patients are advised to take iron folic acid, B12 supplements along with anti-epileptic
drugs as Aplastic anaemia is observed in patients using anti-epileptic drugs. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Keywords:
</span></b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Drug of choice, Fosphenytoin, Status
epilepticus, Medication non-adherence </span></div>
<h2 style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"> </span><b><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">INTRODUCTION</span></i></b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"></span></h2>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Status
epilepticus is a neurological emergency requiring immediate evaluation and
management to prevent significant morbidity or mortality. It is defined as a
seizure with five minutes or more of continuous clinical and/or electrographic
seizure activity, or recurrent seizure activity without recovery between seizures<sup>[1]</sup>.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Status
epilepticus may be convulsive, non-convulsive, focal motor, myoclonic and any
of these can become refractory. Convulsive status epilepticus consists of
generalized tonic-clonic movements and mental status impairment. Non-convulsive
status epilepticus is defined as seizure activity identified on an
electroencephalogram (EEG) with no accompanying tonic-clonic movements. Focal
motor status epilepticus involves the refractory motor activity of a limb or a
group of muscles on one side of the body with or without loss of consciousness.
Myoclonic status epilepticus Refractory status epilepticus refers to continuing
seizures (convulsive or non-convulsive) despite the administration of
appropriate anti-epileptic drugs.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">The
diagnosis of convulsive status epilepticus is made clinically but requires
emergent neuroimaging and laboratory studies to identify a potential aetiology.
A head computed tomography (CT) scan is appropriate in most situations and most
easily obtained. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain is more
sensitive for identifying malformations in paediatric patients, but may be
difficult to obtain and may require sedation. Laboratory studies should include
bedside blood glucose level, serum electrolytes (sodium, potassium, calcium,
and magnesium), BUN, creatinine, serum bicarbonate, a complete blood count, and
a lumbar puncture with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) evaluation. If the patient has
a known seizure disorder, anti-epileptic drug levels should be obtained<sup> [</sup></span><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">2]</span></sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">There
are multiple aetiologies for status epilepticus they are Central nervous system
(CNS) infections like meningitis, encephalitis, and intracranial abscess.
Metabolic abnormalities hypoglycemia, hyponatremia, hypocalcaemia, hepatic
encephalopathy, and inborn errors of metabolism in children, Cerebrovascular
accidents, Head trauma, Drug toxicity like benzodiazepines and barbiturates and
Alcohol withdrawal syndrome<sup> [3]</sup>.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Therapy
used in status epilepsy is Lorazepam 4 mg (0.1 mg/kg in children) injected i.v.
at the rate of 2 mg/min, repeated once after 10 min if required, is the first
choice drug now. It is effective in 75–90% cases and produces a more sustained
anticonvulsant effect (lasting 6–12 hours) than diazepam, because of lower
lipid solubility and slower redistribution. Moreover, thrombophlebitis of the
injected vein is less likely with lorazepam. Diazepam 10 mg (0.2–0.3 mg/kg)
injected i.v. at 2 mg/min, repeated once after 10 min if required, has been the
standard therapy till recently. However, its anticonvulsant effect starts
fading after 20 min, and many supplemental doses may be required. It is also
more damaging to the injected vein.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Fosphenytoin
100–150 mg/min i.v. infusion to a maximum of 1000 mg (15–20 mg/kg) under
continuous ECG monitoring is a slower acting drug that should be given if the
seizures recur or fail to respond 20 min after onset, despite
lorazepam/diazepam. It may also be employed to continue anticonvulsant cover
after the seizures have been controlled by the BZD. Phenytoin sodium should be
used only when fosphenytoin is not available, because it can be injected only
at the rate of 25–50 mg/min and causes more marked local vascular complications</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Phenobarbitone
sod. 50–100 mg/min i.v. injection to a maximum of 10 mg/kg is another slower
acting drug that can be used as an alternative to fosphenytoin. It is also
employed to maintain a seizure-free state over the short term before definitive
oral therapy is instituted. Refractory cases who fail to respond to lorazepam
and fosphenytoin within 40 min of seizure onset may be treated with i.v.
midazolam/propofol/thiopentone anaesthesia, with or without <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" style="mso-comment-date: 20200716T0929; mso-comment-reference: AC_1;">curarization</a></span><span class="MsoCommentReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><a class="msocomanchor" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7122514322816578556#_msocom_1" id="_anchor_1" name="_msoanchor_1"></a><span style="mso-special-character: comment;"></span>
</span></span><span class="MsoCommentReference"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">(Induction of muscular relaxation or
paralysis by the administration of curare or related compounds that have the
ability to block nerve impulse transmission at the myoneural junction) </span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">and
full intensive care [4].</span></div>
<h3 class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Methods</span></i></b></h3>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">This
prospective case study was conducted on Jan 29 - Feb 06, 2020, in the
Department of General Medicine, Gandhi Hospital, Hyderabad. The Case was
collected, followed up, and documented in a structured data form from the
in-patient department of General Medicine till discharge. The outcome was
framed after interpreting the data gathered in a case documentation form
according to various categories and parameters. Further results were discussed
thoroughly with doctors, post-graduates in a regular manner to accomplish the
outcome.</span></div>
<h2 class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">CASE
PRESENTATION</span></i></b></h2>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">A
48 years old male patient was admitted with chief complaints of having
recurrent seizures episodes since the morning of GTCS (general tonic-clonic
seizure) type, Shortness of breathe, loss of consciousness, tongue bite.
Patient is a known case of epilepsy, is on irregular medication of
anti-convulsant drug (T.Phenytoin 500mg TID). The patient is a chronic
alcoholic and smoker. The patient was in a postical state, with an oxygen
saturation of 92% (>96%), Afebrile, blood pressure of 180/80 mmHg (120/80),
Pulse rate of 140/mt (70-100), Respiratory system examination both lungs were
conducting sounds (+) crepts (+) CNS examination patient was stupor [ Glasgow
scale-E1V1M5 ] moving all limbs. Radiology CT-Scan findings were patient was
having atrophic changes. Laboratory findings, On Complete blood picture T.
RBC-7.8 mill cells/cumm (4.7-6.1), Hb- 19.4 gm/dl, MCV- 98.7 mic (78-90),TLC-12.04
(4.5-11) , HCT- 83% (45-52), Serum Electrolytes - S. Sodium: 134 mEq/L
(135-145), S. Potassium: 3.8 (3.5-5) mEq/L , S. Chlorides: 96mEq/L (97-106) . </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Based on Recurrent seizure episodes, tongue
bite, H/O of seizures it was provisionally diagnosed as Status epilepticus
secondary to Alcohol withdrawal (Chronic Alcoholic) with Aspiration pneumonia.
Supportive therapy like Oxygen Inhalation was given, drugs on admission given
were under anti-convulsant Hydantoins Injection Phenytoin 7amp in 1pint NS {1amp
= 250mg} OD was given. Under benzodiazepines Injection Midaz (Midazolam) 2 cc
{1amp= 5mg} in 1 pint NS QID and Injection Levipil (Levetiracetam) 1cc
{1amp=100mg} in 1 pint NS OD were given. Under antibiotics Injection, Monocef
(Ceftriaxone) 1gm IV BD, Injection Metrogyl (Metronidazole) 500mg TID were
given. And Injection Optineuron 100mg in 1 pint NS. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">On
day 2 Vitals were as follows patient was conscious, Temperature subsided to
normal blood pressure was 130/80 mmHg, pulse rate was 100/mt , Respiratory system
conducting sounds were heard. Oxygen was 92% CNS examination [Glasgow scale
E3V1M5].<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The same treatment was
continued. On day 3 the Vitals were as follows patient was conscious, blood
pressure was 120/80 mmHg, CVS-S1S2+ , Pulse rate 100/mt , Respiratory system
conducting sounds were still heard. Oxygen saturation was 98%, CNS - [Glasgow
scale E4V1M5] moving all limbs. Medications prescribed were the same treatment
was continued in addition to Tab.librium (Chlordiazepoxide) 10 mg TID was
given.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">On
Day 4 vitals were as follows patient was conscious, blood pressure was 120/60
mmHg,CVS-S1S2+, Respiratory system No conducting sounds were heard. Oxygen
saturation was 98%, On CNS - [Glasgow E4V1M5] moving all limbs. I have Obtained
Drug information Query regarding drug of choice in status epilepticus whether
it is phenytoin or Fosphenytoin for status epilepticus by post-graduate. My
response to it was According to few resources fosphenytoin is a better choice
of a drug over phenytoin for status epilepsy<sup> [4]</sup>. Treatment for the
anti-convulsant choice was replaced with fosphenytoin from phenytoin.
Medications prescribed on day 4 was Injection Neofost (Fosphenytoin) 75mg in 5%
Dextrose BD. Injection Thiamine 100 mg IV OD Injection Midaz Drip 2cc
{1amp-5mg} per 1 pint NS QID.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">On
Day 5 vitals were as follows patient was Conscious, blood pressure was 110/70
mmHg, CVS-S1S2+ , Respiratory system No conducting sounds were heard. Oxygen
saturation was 98%.CNS - [E4V2M5] moving all limbs. The same treatment was
continued along with Tab. IFA (Iron folic acid) 5mg OD. On day 6 vitals were as
follows patient was conscious, blood pressure was 120/80 mmHg, pulse rate was
86/mt, CVS-S1S2+ , Temp- N, Respiratory system no conducting sounds were heard.
Oxygen saturation was 98% CNS - [Glasgow scale E5V3M5] moving all limbs. The
same treatment was continued. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">On
day 7 patient was discharged. Drugs on Discharge given were Tab. Eptoin
(Phenytoin) 500mg TID, Tab. IFA 5mg OD, Tab. B. Complex OD. The advice given
was to Abstain from alcohol, Review OP after 15 days with CBP, and other
reports. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Patient
counselling on Medication Adherence was given because this is a known case of
status epilepsy case due to non-adherence to the medication the condition
arises, Hence patient was counselled to take medications on time, And to Eat
Green leafy vegetables, beans, Meat, Eggs. And should avoid alcohol consumption
and smoking. </span></div>
<h2 class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">DISCUSSION</span></i></b></h2>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">This
is a known case of epilepsy, and the patient was non-adherent to
anti-convulsants hence there was the recurrence of the condition occurred. The
patient was a chronic alcoholic, due to alcohol withdrawal symptoms the
conditional exaggerated. It was diagnosed as Status epilepticus secondary to
alcohol withdrawal, One of cause for status epilepsy is alcohol withdrawal
symptoms. The main aetiology behind this case was History of epilepsy with
non-adherence to the medication and alcohol withdrawal symptoms. On query why
is fosphenytoin a better choice of a drug over phenytoin in status epilepsy is
because fosphenytoin can be given at faster rate than phenytoin i.e 150ml/min
fosphenytoin can be infused while phenytoin only 50ml/min can be infused. High
Local intolerance, Tissue necrosis is seen when phenytoin is infused, while
fosphenytoin has very high tolerance, Phenytoin should never be given through
IM route, while fosphenytoin can be given through IM route, One of the major
causes of status epilepticus is hypoglycaemic, so it is favourable that the
drug is infused with 5% Dextrose rather Normal saline. But phenytoin shouldn’t
be given with 5% Dextrose because it gets precipitated. While fosphenytoin can
be infused with 5% Dextrose <sup>[5][6][7]</sup>. So, hence fosphenytoin is a
standard drug of choice for status epilepticus over phenytoin when given
intravenously in status epilepticus patient which can be seen in Table 1.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">The
importance of medication adherence is explained to the patient as this is a clear case of non-adherence to the anti-epileptic drugs. There can be many reasons
for non-adherence it can be a financial crisis, forgetfulness, age factor,
depression, intentionally not taking medication due to non-compliance with the
drug or other factors. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 20.4pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td colspan="2" style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 20.4pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 535.2pt;" valign="top" width="714"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Fosphenytoin Vs Phenytoin</span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 20.4pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 20.4pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 267.6pt;" valign="top" width="357"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Fosphenytoin (Pro-drug of
phenytoin)</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 20.4pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 267.6pt;" valign="top" width="357"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Phenytoin (Active drug)</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 20.4pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 20.4pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 267.6pt;" valign="top" width="357"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Can
be given at a faster rate than phenytoin i.e 20 PE/kg IV at 150mg/min.</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 20.4pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 267.6pt;" valign="top" width="357"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">It
is administered at 15-20 mg/kg IV at 50mg/min</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 20.4pt; mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 20.4pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 267.6pt;" valign="top" width="357"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">pH
8.6 extravasation is well tolerated </span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 20.4pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 267.6pt;" valign="top" width="357"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">pH
12 extravasation causes severe tissue injury</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 20.4pt; mso-yfti-irow: 4;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 20.4pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 267.6pt;" valign="top" width="357"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">The
onset of action is 5-10 min</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 20.4pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 267.6pt;" valign="top" width="357"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">The
onset of action is 10-30 min</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 20.4pt; mso-yfti-irow: 5;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 20.4pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 267.6pt;" valign="top" width="357"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Less
cardiac complications as it is water-soluble</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 20.4pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 267.6pt;" valign="top" width="357"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Can
cause hypotension, dysrhythmia</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 20.4pt; mso-yfti-irow: 6;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 20.4pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 267.6pt;" valign="top" width="357"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">It
can be given in 5% Dextrose, NS doesn't precipitate.</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 20.4pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 267.6pt;" valign="top" width="357"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">It
can't be given through 5% Dextrose because it gets precipitated. </span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19.25pt; mso-yfti-irow: 7; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 19.25pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 267.6pt;" valign="top" width="357"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">It can be
given through IM</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 19.25pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 267.6pt;" valign="top" width="357"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Cannot be
given through IM, It causes tissue necrosis</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"> Table
1: Showing Comparative study of fosphenytoin and phenytoin.</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Patients
are advised to take iron folic acid, B12 supplements along with anti-epileptic
drugs as Aplastic anaemia is a common adverse effect using anti-epileptic drugs
<sup>[8]</sup>. A healthy lifestyle is required to maintain by a cessation of
consumption of alcohol, smoking. Intake green leafy vegetables like spinach,
lentils are to be taken. Exercise regularly.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span></span></div>
<h2 class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">CONCLUSION</span></i></b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"> </span></h2>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">In
status epilepticus condition, the choice of drug for anti-convulsant is
fosphenytoin over phenytoin. Phenytoin should be only given when fosphenytoin
is unavailable. Patients with a history of epilepsy should adhere to the anti-epileptic
drugs, as non-adherence to prescription, can lead to a recurrence of the
condition. Iron folic acid supplements are to be taken along with
anti-epileptic drugs to avoid anaemia.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></div>
<h2 class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">REFERENCES</span></i></b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"></span></h2>
<ol style="text-align: left;">
<li><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Ramos AB, Cruz RA, Villemarette-Pittman NR, Olejniczak PW, Mader EC Jr,
Dexamethasone as Abortive Treatment for Refractory Seizures or Status
Epilepticus in the Inpatient Setting. Journal of investigative medicine high
impact case reports. 2019 Jan-Dec;</span></li>
<li><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Matricardi S, Canafoglia L, Ardissone A, Moroni I, Ragona F, Ghezzi D, Lamantea
E, Nardocci N, Franceschetti S, Granata T, Epileptic phenotypes in children
with early onset mitochondrial diseases. Acta neurological Scandinavica. 2019
May 18;</span></li>
<li><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Lange Bruch L, Krämer J, Güler S, Möddel G, Geßner S, Melzer N, Elger CE,
Wiendl H, Budde T, Meuth SG, Kovac S, Seizures and epilepsy in multiple
sclerosis: epidemiology and prognosis in a large tertiary referral centre.
Journal of neurology. 2019 May 8;</span></li>
<li><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">K D Tripathi, Essentials of Medical Pharmacology 8th Edition, pg No 413.</span></li>
<li><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">DE Toledo, J.C., Ramsay, R.E. Fosphenytoin and Phenytoin in Patients with
Status Epilepticus. Drug-Safety 22, 459–466 (2000).
https://doi.org/10.2165/00002018-200022060-00004</span></li>
<li><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">K D Tripathi, Essentials of Medical Pharmacology 8th Edition, pg No 405.</span></li>
<li><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Piyush Ojha, Management of status epilepticus with recent guidelines,
Slideshare.net by neurology kota
https://www.slideshare.net/mobile/NeurologyKota/status-epilepticus-43516253</span></li>
<li><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Kim B. Handoko Patrick C. Souverein Tjeerd P.Risk of Aplastic Anaemia in
Patients Using Antiepileptic Drugs. Wiley online library;47(7), 2006/7: DOI
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1528-1167.2006.00596.x</span><span class="MsoCommentReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 8.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: comment;"></span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB"></span></li>
</ol>
<div style="mso-element: comment-list;">
<div style="mso-element: comment;">
<div class="msocomtxt" id="_com_1">
</div>
</div>
</div>
<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:WordDocument>
<w:View>Normal</w:View>
<w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom>
<w:TrackMoves/>
<w:TrackFormatting/>
<w:PunctuationKerning/>
<w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/>
<w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>
<w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent>
<w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>
<w:DoNotPromoteQF/>
<w:LidThemeOther>EN-GB</w:LidThemeOther>
<w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian>
<w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript>
<w:Compatibility>
<w:BreakWrappedTables/>
<w:SnapToGridInCell/>
<w:WrapTextWithPunct/>
<w:UseAsianBreakRules/>
<w:DontGrowAutofit/>
<w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/>
<w:EnableOpenTypeKerning/>
<w:DontFlipMirrorIndents/>
<w:OverrideTableStyleHps/>
<w:UseFELayout/>
</w:Compatibility>
<w:DoNotOptimizeForBrowser/>
<m:mathPr>
<m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/>
<m:brkBin m:val="before"/>
<m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/>
<m:smallFrac m:val="off"/>
<m:dispDef/>
<m:lMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:rMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/>
<m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/>
<m:intLim m:val="subSup"/>
<m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/>
</m:mathPr></w:WordDocument>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="false"
DefSemiHidden="false" DefQFormat="false" DefPriority="99"
LatentStyleCount="371">
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" QFormat="true" Name="Normal"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="footnote text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="header"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="footer"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="caption"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="table of figures"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="envelope address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="envelope return"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="footnote reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="line number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="page number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="endnote reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="endnote text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="table of authorities"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="macro"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="toa heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Closing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Message Header"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Salutation"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Date"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Block Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Hyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="FollowedHyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Document Map"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Plain Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="E-mail Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Top of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Bottom of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal (Web)"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Acronym"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Cite"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Code"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Definition"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Keyboard"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Sample"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Typewriter"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Variable"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Table"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation subject"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="No List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Contemporary"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Elegant"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Professional"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Balloon Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Theme"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="List Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="List Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="List Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"/>
</w:LatentStyles>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if !supportAnnotations]--><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]>
<style>
/* Style Definitions */
table.MsoNormalTable
{mso-style-name:"Table Normal";
mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-parent:"";
mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;
mso-para-margin-top:0in;
mso-para-margin-right:0in;
mso-para-margin-bottom:8.0pt;
mso-para-margin-left:0in;
line-height:107%;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
mso-bidi-font-family:SimSun;
mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;}
table.MsoTableGrid
{mso-style-name:"Table Grid";
mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
mso-style-priority:39;
mso-style-unhide:no;
border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;
mso-border-insideh:.5pt solid windowtext;
mso-border-insidev:.5pt solid windowtext;
mso-para-margin:0in;
mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
mso-bidi-font-family:SimSun;
mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;}
</style>
<![endif]--></div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7122514322816578556.post-39472622291434175002020-07-14T06:24:00.000-07:002020-08-31T06:50:14.838-07:00Sterilization Techniques - Different Methods of Sterilization<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<h2 style="text-align: left;">
STERILIZATION</h2>
<a href="https://www.thepharmaeducation.com/2020/07/sterilization-techniques-different-methods-of-sterilization.html">Sterilization </a>is a process by which all viable forms of micro-organisms are removed or destroyed.<br />
Sterilization (or sterilization), referring to any process that eliminates (removes) or kills (deactivates) all forms of life and other biological agents including transmissible agents (such as fungi, bacteria, viruses, spore forms, unicellular eukaryotic organisms such as Plasmodium, etc.) present in a specified region, such as a surface, a volume of fluid, medication, or in a compound such as biological culture media.<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEizgn2R7MQqLiEcnveyYX0v7ur5UFJpkRBB36FwFle32Anxe5tGWEk_y1OpG6byqf0Jq019Ul5c5QUjSUE8w26Mld987JF6Py_3WuAB2tonCQs5VM4_OMRrSYy8-avViTZvPSTbv0IUSYw/s1600/Sterilization.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Sterilization" border="0" data-original-height="674" data-original-width="1000" height="215" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEizgn2R7MQqLiEcnveyYX0v7ur5UFJpkRBB36FwFle32Anxe5tGWEk_y1OpG6byqf0Jq019Ul5c5QUjSUE8w26Mld987JF6Py_3WuAB2tonCQs5VM4_OMRrSYy8-avViTZvPSTbv0IUSYw/s320/Sterilization.jpg" title="Sterilization" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
<h2 style="text-align: left;">
METHODS OF STERILIZATION</h2>
For <a href="https://www.thepharmaeducation.com/2020/07/sterilization-techniques-different-methods-of-sterilization.html">sterilization </a>of product/material, various methods of sterilization are used. These can be classified as under:<br />
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
A. Physical Methods</h3>
a) Dry heat sterilization<br />
b) moist heat sterilization<br />
c) sterilization by radiation<br />
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
B. Chemical Methods</h3>
a) Gaseous sterilization<br />
b) Sterilization with disinfectants<br />
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
C. Mechanical Methods</h3>
a) sterilization by filtration.<br />
<h2 style="text-align: left;">
Explanation</h2>
<h2 style="text-align: left;">
A. Physical Methods</h2>
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
a) Dry heat sterilization</h3>
<a href="https://www.thepharmaeducation.com/2020/07/sterilization-techniques-different-methods-of-sterilization.html">Sterilization </a>by dry heat is usually carried out in an apparatus known as ‘Hot Air Oven’. It is a metallic chamber made up of steel or aluminum separated from the outer case by a thick layer of glass ber insulation. The door is double-walled and the inner side has asbestos gasket which makes it airtight and prevents heat loss. Heat is transferred from source to arrival in hot air oven by conduction, convection, and radiation.<br />
A thermometer is fitted in front of the oven to note down the temperature during sterilization. Hot air oven should satisfy the following requirement:<br />
1. Every item inside the oven must receive correct exposure of heat.<br />
2. The temperature of sterilization must be attained quickly and be maintained with little variation.<br />
<br />
At the top of the oven, there is a ventilator and on the bottom, there is a chamber in which heating elements are fitted.<br />
The method is used for the sterilization of oil, petroleum jellies, talcum powder, glass apparatus. In this method the destruction micro-organisms by dry heat. The micro-organisms are more resistant to dry heat as compared to moist heat.<br />
<h4 style="text-align: left;">
Working</h4>
1. During sterilization, the material to be sterilized is placed in the oven properly and the door is closed. Extra time is always allowed to penetrate heat into the material<br />
2. The temperature is adjusted to 150°C and the ventilator is allowed to remain open until the temperature of the oven reaches 115°C. It helps in the removal of moisture from the container/material to be sterilized<br />
3. When it reaches 115°C, the ventilator is closed and the oven temperature is allowed to rise up to 150°C. The hear is transferred from the source mainly by radiation and convection. After one hour, the oven is switched o and allowed to cool to about 60°C.<br />
4. During dry heat sterilization, all the living micro-organisms and their spores get destroyed due to oxidation if proteins present in the living cells. Although heating at 250°C can destroy all types of micro-organisms and their spores, but this can spoil the product also. Hence dry heat sterilization at a temperature of 150°C- 160°C gives the most satisfactory results.<br />
<h4 style="text-align: left;">
Applications</h4>
1. For sterilization of injectable, needles, and syringes.<br />
2. Glass apparatus such as a flask, pipettes, bottles, beakers, and test tubes are sterilized by this method.<br />
3. Generally metallic instruments like scalpels, scissors, knives, spatula, blades.<br />
4. Drugs that are stable at 150°C and thermostable.<br />
5. The equipment used for aseptic processing such as mortars, pestles, tiles, etc.<br />
6. This method is of particular value in case of oily injection, ointment bases, powders, pharmaceutical lubricants, etc.<br />
<h4 style="text-align: left;">
Limitations</h4>
1. This method cannot be used for thermolabile medicament, rubbers, and plastics.<br />
2. It is unsuitable for surgical dressing because it destroys the natural moisture of fibers and makes them brittle and discolored.<br />
<h4 style="text-align: left;">
Precautions</h4>
1. Overloading should be avoided.<br />
2. There should be sufficient space between the article to provide a uniform distribution of heat.<br />
3. To prevent breakage of glass apparatus it should be kept in mind to cool down the oven temperature.<br />
4. The opening of glass items should be plugged with nonabsorbable cotton wool and wrapped further in a paper.<br />
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
b) Moist heat sterilization</h3>
Moist heat in the form of saturated steam under pressure in which micro-organisms are destroyed by Moist heat due to the coagulation or denaturation of proteins in the living cell of micro-organisms.<br />
Steam under pressure provides more heat than boiling water. The higher the steam pressure, the higher will be the temperature. Steam under means enough to destroy micro-organisms.<br />
Autoclave consists of aluminum or stainless steel of about 15liters capacity. Pressure within the autoclave is medicated by a pressure gauge. The penetration power of steam is more as compared to dry heat.<br />
The thermal capacity of steam is much greater than the thermal capacity of dry heat.<br />
<h4 style="text-align: left;">
About apparatus</h4>
An autoclave is a strong cylindrical chamber made up of aluminum alloy/stainless steel. On its lid, there are various controls, like a steam vent, pressure gauze, safety value, and sometimes a thermometer. The inner side of the lid has a rubber gasket which makes it airtight. To keep its cover in a position, it is provided with wing nuts and bolts inside the chamber. There is a perforated metallic basket or wire container in which the material to be sterilized is packed inside, and a gasket in which electrically heated elements are fitted.<br />
<h4 style="text-align: left;">
Working</h4>
1) The perforated metallic chamber is removed out and water is put to a level so that it does not touch the bottom of the perforated chamber. The material to be sterilized is loosely packed so as to leave space for expansion and prevent breakage and then it is placed into the chamber.<br />
2) Caps of bottled fluid should be screwed down tightly so that there is no danger of explosion as the internal pressure is approximately balanced by the steam pressure outside.<br />
3) The lid is put in position with the help of wings nuts and bolts. The vent is opened. The autoclave is switched on and the water is allowed to boil. The steam is allowed to pass freely from the vent for 5 minutes.<br />
4) When the whole of the air is removed, the steam vent is closed and pressure is allowed to rise up to 10pounds per square inch. B.P. allows exposure of the whole of contents to 115°C to 116°C for 30 min. Then the autoclave is switched o and is allowed to cool until the pressure falls to zero. Now the vent can be opened otherwise if the internal pressure is high, it may lead to vigorous boiling and bursting of sealed bottles and ampoules.<br />
5) The sterilized material should be carefully collected by opening the lid.<br />
Moist heat sterilization on a small scale can be done by using pressure cookers.<br />
<h4 style="text-align: left;">
Limitations</h4>
This method cannot be used for thermolabile substances.<br />
<h4 style="text-align: left;">
Applications</h4>
1) This method is used for sterilization of glass apparatus and container (115°C for 30).<br />
2) plastic screw caps, rubber liners, closures, rubber gloves must be autoclaved.<br />
3) it is a suitable method of sterilization for injectable solutions (except oily injection) and suspensions.<br />
4) The surgical dressing can be autoclaved for sterilization.<br />
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
c) Sterilization by radiation</h3>
This is another physical method of sterilization. Radiation can be classified as:<br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>1. Electromagnetic waves</b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
a. Infrared radiation<br />
b. X-ray<br />
c. Ultraviolet light</div>
d. Gamma rays<br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>2. Minute particles</b></div>
a. Alpha particles<br />
b. Beta particles<br />
<h4 style="text-align: left;">
UV radiation</h4>
It posses the greatest activity in the destroying of micro-organisms. It is commonly employed in the reduction of air born contamination.<br />
The most common source of UV radiation is UV lamps. UV light is absorbed by the nucleic acids of the cell and where it does the greatest damage.<br />
<h4 style="text-align: left;">
Applications</h4>
1. Uv light is helpful to maintain an aseptic condition.<br />
2. UV lamps are mounted over the doors of rooms, above the heads of personnel, on the walls, ceiling to prevent cross-infection in hospitals.<br />
<h4 style="text-align: left;">
Gamma rays</h4>
This is produced from the radioactive isotope of cobalt and cesium. The time and dose of sterilization depend upon density and quantity of material. Gamma rays have great penetration power. It is mainly used for sterilization of rubber catheters, needles, adhesive dressing, plastic lm, aluminum caps, plastic syringes, blades, etc.<br />
Although radiation sterilization appears an attractive method, but it may lead to many undesirable effects decomposition, alterations in color, texture, potency, and solubility.<br />
<h4 style="text-align: left;">
Advantages</h4>
1. As the sterilization time is very small hence it is a continuous process.<br />
2. This method is reliable for bacterial and viral vaccines.<br />
3. A rise in temperature is negligible.<br />
4. Dry, Moist, and frozen materials can be sterilized.<br />
<h4 style="text-align: left;">
Disadvantage</h4>
1. The investment cost for the plant is very high.<br />
2. To prevent deleterious effects and hazards, elaborate and expensive precautions are taken.<br />
3. The process once started can’t be controlled until the whole of the radioactive isotope is used.<br />
<h2 style="text-align: left;">
B. Chemical Methods</h2>
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
a) Gaseous sterilization</h3>
Gaseous <a href="https://www.thepharmaeducation.com/2020/07/sterilization-techniques-different-methods-of-sterilization.html">sterilization </a>may be defined as the destruction of all living micro-organisms with a chemical in the Gaseous or vapor state.<br />
The method of Gaseous sterilization is important particularly when solid material may not be sterilized by either dry or Moist heat because of the material or the product. May be damaged or destroyed. All these gases are toxic to human beings above a certain concentration.<br />
Commonly used Gaseous sterilization agent are discussed below:–<br />
<b>1) Ethylene oxide:-</b> Ethylene oxide is a reaction, flammable, and colorless gas. The pure form of this gas is highly explosive therefore the gas is diluted with carbon dioxide or freon to make it non- flammable. This gas is highly diffusible in nature and can penetrate areas that are not accessible to liquids or steam.<br />
<b>2) Ozone:-</b> It is a pleasant-smelling but irritant and toxic gas. It is highly reactive with organic substances like aldehyde, fats, amino acids, proteins, and enzymes.<br />
Ozone is used mainly for the disinfection of water, and the preservation of foods.<br />
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
b) Sterilization by disinfectants</h3>
In an emergency, all surgical instruments are sterilized using disinfectants. The instruments to be used are dipped in a disinfectant and are washed with apyrogenic water for use, e.g., phenol, cresol with soap, Chlorine, alcohol, formaldehyde, dyes and mercury compounds, etc..<br />
<h2 style="text-align: left;">
C. Mechanical Methods</h2>
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
a) Sterilization by filtration</h3>
Sterilization by filtration is another old method used for injectable preparations. By this method, all living and dead bacteria get removed when the solution is filtered through bacteria proof filtration media. Various filter media are used for bacteria proof filtration which includes<br />
a. Sintered ceramics<br />
b. Fibrous pad<br />
c. Sintered glass<br />
d. Microporous plastic.<br />
The filters function by pores which are formed by the fusion of the porcelain, sintered glass, metal, cellulosic, or plastic polymer matrix. The filtration involves the bacteria to be entrapped in the pores and get removed from the solution. As the pores are of very small size, hence requires a lot of time. Vacuum or pressure or both are used to increase the rate of filtration.<br />
<h4 style="text-align: left;">
Applications</h4>
1. These filters are useful for thermolabile medicaments.<br />
2. All living and dead bacterias are removed.<br />
<h4 style="text-align: left;">
Limitations</h4>
As the process is not reliable, hence the sterility test is necessary. It can’t be used for suspensions and oily preparations.<br />
<br />
Also Read: <br />
<div class="post-title entry-title heading" itemprop="name headline" style="text-align: left;">
<a href="https://www.thepharmaeducation.com/2018/12/parenteral-dosage-forms-sterile.html">Parenteral Dosage Forms - Sterile Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms</a></div>
</div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7122514322816578556.post-76151757704493364922020-07-12T06:50:00.000-07:002020-08-31T06:52:19.944-07:00Pharmaceutical Packaging<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<h2 style="text-align: left;">
Introduction to Pharmaceutical Packaging</h2>
Pharmaceutical packaging is the science, art, and technology of enclosing or protectiīng pharmaceutical products for distribution, storage, sale, use and to ensure the safer delivery of the product throughout its journey from manufacturing to the end-user.<br />
<h2 style="text-align: left;">
Functions of Packaging</h2>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>Identification of the product</li>
<li>Gives information about the product</li>
<li>Protect the product</li>
<li>Preservation the product</li>
<li>Product presentation</li>
<li>Promote the product</li>
<li>Facilitating the use of the product</li>
</ul>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjM-_mr6KeoYxkcv0Hd5xPkj8dvwEUQW5xCCdh3yLKrLAXFSTU_ZTQjbfCpaWHSzgL786to4M2nfe8JvXpPzEQuMQHoIM9aNP_lsYzLc_vx1ifPPSo6GXJlTx1W7bjKQRJkJqMD27C8IcA/s1600/Pharmaceutical+Packaging.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Pharmaceutical Packaging" border="0" data-original-height="480" data-original-width="640" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjM-_mr6KeoYxkcv0Hd5xPkj8dvwEUQW5xCCdh3yLKrLAXFSTU_ZTQjbfCpaWHSzgL786to4M2nfe8JvXpPzEQuMQHoIM9aNP_lsYzLc_vx1ifPPSo6GXJlTx1W7bjKQRJkJqMD27C8IcA/s320/Pharmaceutical+Packaging.jpg" title="Pharmaceutical Packaging" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
<h2 style="text-align: left;">
Characteristics of Pharmaceutical Packaging Material</h2>
<div style="text-align: left;">
The packaging material selected must have the following characteristics.</div>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>Packaging material must be non-toxic.</li>
<li>They must be FDA approved.</li>
<li>Packaging material must meet tamper-resistant requirements. </li>
<li>The material of packaging must not impart color, odor, or taste to the product.</li>
<li>Packaging material must not be reactive with the product.</li>
<li>Packaging must not alter the quality of the product.</li>
<li>They must protect the pharmaceutical preparations from environmental conditions like physical damage, chemical, microbial contamination, light, moisture, and oxygen.</li>
<li>Packaging material must be adaptable to commonly employed high-speed packaging equipment.</li>
</ul>
<h2 style="text-align: left;">
Types of Pharmaceutical Packaging</h2>
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
Primary packaging</h3>
Primary packaging is the material that first envelops the product and holds it. It is directly contacted with the contents.<br />
<b>Examples </b>– Strip package, blister package, pouches, ampoules, vials, bottle, containers, dosing dropper, syringe, etc.<br />
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
Secondary packaging</h3>
Secondary packaging is outside the primary packaging and used to group primary packages together.<br />
<b>Examples </b>– Cartons, boxes, etc.<br />
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
Tertiary packaging</h3>
Tertiary packaging is used for bulk handling, warehouse storage, and transport shipping.<br />
<b>Examples </b>– Pallets, crates, etc.<br />
<h2 style="text-align: left;">
Types of packaging material</h2>
1. <b><a href="https://www.thepharmaeducation.com/2018/12/glass-in-pharmaceutical-packaging.html">Glass </a></b>– Bottles, glass containers, ampoules, vials, etc.<br />
2. <b>Plastics </b>– Bottles, dosing dropper, tubes, etc.<br />
3. <b><a href="https://www.thepharmaeducation.com/2018/12/metals-used-in-pharmaceutical-packaging.html">Metals </a></b>– Aerosol can, collapsible tubes, etc.<br />
4. <b>Rubber </b>– Rubber closure etc.<br />
5. <b>Paper </b>– Pouches, boxes, labels, and leaflets, etc.<br />
<h2 style="text-align: left;">
Package testing</h2>
1. Drop test<br />
2. Vibration test<br />
3. Shock test<br />
4. Inclined impact test<br />
5. Revolving drum test<br />
<br />
Also Read: <a href="https://www.thepharmaeducation.com/2020/04/advantage-disadvantage-types-blister-packaging-Pharmaceutical-Industry.html"><b>Blister Packaging in Pharmaceutical</b></a> </div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7122514322816578556.post-7914336584016676732020-07-12T06:24:00.001-07:002020-07-20T06:55:43.560-07:00Coloring Agents in Pharmaceutical Industry<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<h2 style="text-align: left;">
COLOURING AGENTS</h2>
Coloring agents or color <a href="https://www.thepharmaeducation.com/2018/12/Pharmaceutical-Excipients-Additives.html">additive </a>is any dye, pigment, or substance that imparts color when it is added to food or drink or drug. They come in many forms consisting of liquids, powders, gels, and pastes.<br />
<h2 style="text-align: left;">
Properties</h2>
1. A colorant becomes an integral part of pharmaceutical preparation.<br />
2. The amount of colorants generally added to liquid preparation normally ranges from 0.0005 to 0.001%.<br />
3. Normally the colorants are added to pharmaceutical preparation in dilute solution for uniformity of color in the finished product.<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgN4UT1Tk9kVIu5_YbzCUup347uHJvAXY_XiWeeRqzuJoHbG0ZK2-ooukAZN4VCSKT-F29iTxcefF70qVDPDC6JNb93eVE3EXLf7vkmeo8q6ttWZclOy7eCTYFKnbOu2YMc-u6OUlr0INQ/s1600/Coloring+Agents.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Coloring Agents" border="0" data-original-height="194" data-original-width="259" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgN4UT1Tk9kVIu5_YbzCUup347uHJvAXY_XiWeeRqzuJoHbG0ZK2-ooukAZN4VCSKT-F29iTxcefF70qVDPDC6JNb93eVE3EXLf7vkmeo8q6ttWZclOy7eCTYFKnbOu2YMc-u6OUlr0INQ/s1600/Coloring+Agents.jpg" title="Coloring Agents" /></a></div>
<br />
<h2 style="text-align: left;">
CLASSIFICATION</h2>
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
(I) Natural coloring agent</h3>
These are obtained from mineral, plant, and animal sources.they are used as colors for foods, drugs, and cosmetics.these are of three types-<br />
<h4 style="text-align: left;">
(a) Mineral colors</h4>
These are frequently termed as pigments and used to color lotions, cosmetics, and other preparation for external use. There are minerals such as manganese, chromium oxide, aluminum powder, iron oxide, coal tar (the dark and sticky liquid produced from coal heated in the air-free oven).<br />
<h4 style="text-align: left;">
(b) Plant colors- </h4>
Coloring principles from plants are normally obtained by extraction. Examples – • Beta-carotene With Natural Colorant • Turmeric Oil • Natural Mentha oil 50% min. • Tomato juice concentrate • Bilberry Anthocyanidin<br />
<h4 style="text-align: left;">
(c) Animal source</h4>
Cochineal obtained from the insect coccus cacti contains the bright red coloring principle, carminic acid. tyrian purple was prepared by air oxidation of glandular secretion of a snail, murex brandaris. Cochineal, a red dye derived from the cochineal insect, Dactylopius coccus.<br />
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
(II)Synthetic Colour</h3>
Synthetic color or FD&C colors are mostly derived from coal tar. Many have been banned from food by the FDA for various reasons: carcinogenicity, allergy-inducing, general toxicity, etc. A number caused illnesses in children. They have been shown in clinical studies to cause various types of cancer.<br />
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
(III) Lakes</h3>
A lake pigment is a pigment manufactured by precipitating a dye with an inert binder, or “mordant”, usually a metallic salt. This sense of a lake is unconnected with the lake meaning body of water; it derives from the word lac.<br />
Examples-<br />
(1) Indigo lake<br />
(2) Rose madder lake<br />
(3) Carmine lake<br />
<br />
Widely used coloring agents in a pharmaceutical company-<br />
• FD&C Blue No. 1 (brilliant blue FCF)<br />
• FD&C Blue No. 2 (indigotine)<br />
• FD&C Green No. 3 (fast green FCF)<br />
• FD&C Red No. 40 (allura red AC)<br />
• FD&C Red No. 3 (erythrosine)<br />
• FD&C Yellow No. 5 (tartrazine)<br />
• FD&C Yellow No. 6 (sunset yellow)<br />
• Turmeric- Turmeric is readily available for cuts, burns, and bruises. It helps in detoxication of the liver. It helps in balancing of Cholesterol level.<br />
• Silica gel for pharmaceutical use<br />
• Pharmaceutical agar-agar powder- Agar-agar has wide application in food, pharmacy, daily chemistry, and biochemistry in meat canning; in production of medicinal encapsulations and ointments; as dental impression mold base.<br />
<h2 style="text-align: left;">
Novel coloring agents-</h2>
1. Red bronze coloring agent<br />
2.Cyanuric acid (ISO certied)</div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7122514322816578556.post-65492574530295319802020-07-12T05:54:00.001-07:002020-08-31T07:14:14.369-07:00Basic Concepts of Pharmaceutical Analysis<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<h2 style="text-align: left;">
Pharmaceutical Analysis</h2>
<a href="https://www.thepharmaeducation.com/2020/07/basic-concepts-of-pharmaceutical-analysis.html">Pharmaceutical analysis</a> is the study of the analysis of drug samples to determine the chemical composition and amount of the drug in the sample.<br />
Analytical chemistry is a much broader area and it can be split into two main types.<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjP9Kut-BMx8DUgHq-o61rVAsqVAGLdpuA2rwhQ-PWGzestbjGtqqbRYJovWfq4miWkkfON82RKcqCMt_LSHx3GqtBhVlwdp5o9V6DKDcb1-9qRPWwwBjjeQvwGMIEh261ITadFpMm02Xs/s1600/Basic+Concepts+of+Pharmaceutical+Analysis.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Basic Concepts of Pharmaceutical Analysis" border="0" data-original-height="183" data-original-width="275" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjP9Kut-BMx8DUgHq-o61rVAsqVAGLdpuA2rwhQ-PWGzestbjGtqqbRYJovWfq4miWkkfON82RKcqCMt_LSHx3GqtBhVlwdp5o9V6DKDcb1-9qRPWwwBjjeQvwGMIEh261ITadFpMm02Xs/s1600/Basic+Concepts+of+Pharmaceutical+Analysis.jpg" title="Basic Concepts of Pharmaceutical Analysis" /></a></div>
<br />
<h2 style="text-align: left;">
Qualitative analysis</h2>
The qualitative inorganic analysis seeks to establish the presence of a given element or inorganic compound in a sample while organic analysis seeks to establish the presence of a given functional group or organic compound in a sample.<br />
<h2 style="text-align: left;">
Quantitative analysis</h2>
The quantitative analysis seeks to establish the amount of a given element or compound in a sample.<br />
The types of analysis techniques conform with the various types of energy.<br />
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
1. Spectroscopic Analysis</h3>
Spectroscopy measures the interaction of the material with electromagnetic radiation<br />
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
2. Electrochemical Analysis</h3>
Electrochemistry measures the interaction of the material with an electric eld.<br />
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
3. Mass Analysis</h3>
The gravimetric analysis measures the interaction of the material and a gravitational eld. Mass spectrometry measures the interaction of charged materials and electric and magnetic fields.<br />
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
4. Thermal Analysis</h3>
Calorimetry and thermogravimetric analysis measure the interaction of material and heat.<br />
<br />
<h2 style="text-align: left;">
Types of Analysis.</h2>
<b>Inorganic analysis:</b> Deals with the identification and determination of various elements present in the sample E.g – Ca, Cl, Mg, Al.<br />
<b>Organic analysis:</b> Determination of groups of atoms COOH (carboxylic acid), OH in organic material.<br />
<b>Complete analysis:</b> Detection and determination of all components present in the sample.<br />
<b>Partial analysis:</b> Determine only a few components present in the sample.<br />
<br />
<b>Conductivity:</b> conductivity of water and purity of water solubility of salt.<br />
<b>Polarography:</b> Quantitative and qualitative organic and inorganic analysis vitamin k, chloramphenicol to analyze it even concentration.<br />
<b>Development of new products</b>: It also requires analytical chemist.<br />
<b>In hospitals: </b>used for diagnosis of illness or disease.<br />
<b>Geologist: </b>Analysis or determine the groundwater minerals.<br />
<b>Agriculture: </b>Determine the composition of the soil.<br />
<b>Manufacturing industry: </b>Both quantitative and qualitative.<br />
<br />
<h2 style="text-align: left;">
Various methods of analysis.</h2>
1. Chemical method.<br />
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>Volumetric method</li>
<li>Gasometric method</li>
<li>Gravimetric method.</li>
</ul>
2. Physico-chemical method or instrumental method.<br />
3.Microbiological method.<br />
4. Biological method.<br />
<br />
<h2 style="text-align: left;">
Explanation</h2>
<h2 style="text-align: left;">
1. Chemical method </h2>
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
a) Volumetric method</h3>
The volumetric method is also known as the titrimetric method. measurements of the volume are called Volumetric analysis. Based on the measurement of the volume of a solution of known strength.<br />
The volumetric method is classified as<br />
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>Neutralization (acid -base ) titration.</li>
<li>Non-aqueous titration.</li>
<li>Precipitation titration.</li>
<li>Oxidation-Reduction titration.</li>
<li>Complexometric titration ( formation of a coloured complex which indicates endpoint of reaction)</li>
</ul>
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
b) Gravimetric method</h3>
Measurements of weight. Gravi means Gravity, metric means measurements. It is a time-consuming method than Volumetric.<br />
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
C) Gasometric method</h3>
Measurements of the volume of gas . for eg. Co2, Nitrogen, He, Nitrogen oxide.<br />
<br />
<h2 style="text-align: left;">
2. Physicochemical method / Instrumental method</h2>
It is a relation between content and physicochemical elements and properties.<br />
Physical properties and Instruments<br />
1. Electrical potential – Potentiometry<br />
2. Electrical conductance – Conductometry<br />
3. Electrical current- Polarography/ Voltametry<br />
4. Absorption of radiation – Spectrophotometry<br />
5. Emission of radiation – Flame photometry<br />
6. Scattering of radiation – Turbisimetry<br />
7. Refraction of radiation – Refractometer<br />
8. Rotation of plane Polarised light – Polarimeter</div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7122514322816578556.post-24745902164369733882020-07-12T05:20:00.000-07:002020-07-12T05:20:13.475-07:00Sublingual Drug Delivery System <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
Sublingual drug delivery system </h3>
Sublingual drug delivery of the medication implies the arrangement of the medication under the tongue and drug comes to straightforwardly into the circulation system through the ventral surface of the tongue and floor of the mouth.<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiML0pGAHHyUA4QPd8ctxaPzK5Kqe2Ox-qYuqnt9GnojjsgW9TsKJD9pviUxZeFYO8WMGKU1ESGT8bgQ2SqOi96EgxyDu7j5cS-R8u6CRnN7yMxsAuXX0DsQYjj61qILA8WaU0Ie9w4xVw/s1600/Sublingual+drug+delivery+system.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Sublingual drug delivery system " border="0" data-original-height="549" data-original-width="732" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiML0pGAHHyUA4QPd8ctxaPzK5Kqe2Ox-qYuqnt9GnojjsgW9TsKJD9pviUxZeFYO8WMGKU1ESGT8bgQ2SqOi96EgxyDu7j5cS-R8u6CRnN7yMxsAuXX0DsQYjj61qILA8WaU0Ie9w4xVw/s320/Sublingual+drug+delivery+system.jpg" title="Sublingual drug delivery system " width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
The fundamental system for the retention of the medication into oral mucosa is by means of latent dissemination into the lipoidal film.<br />
<br />
<br />
The retention of the medication through the sublingual course is 3 to 10 times more prominent than an oral course and is just surpassed by hypodermic infusion. For these details, the little volume of the spit is generally adequate to bring about a tablet crumbling in the oral cavity.<br />
<br />
This course has a few particular points of interest over the enteral and parenteral courses of medication conveyance because of its rich blood supply, quick onset of activity, improved bioavailability, shirking of the principal pass, and sustenance impacts, expanded patient consistency, and simplicity of self-solution. Throughout the years, various items exploiting oral mucosal medication conveyance have been presented in the business sector.<br />
<br />
Drugs accessible as sublingual tablets are Isosorbide dinitrate, Nitroglycerin, Fentanyl citrate, Buprenorphine hydrochloride, Ergotamine tartrate, Ergoloid mesylates, Asenapine (Saphris), Buprenorphine hydrochloride and naloxone hydrochloride, Zolpidem tartrate (Intermezzo) and many more drugs.<br />
<br />
Any type of substance might be manageable to the sublingual organization on the o chance that it breaks down effectively in spit. Powders and vaporizers may all exploit this technique. In any case, various components, for example, pH, molecular weight, and lipid solubility, may figure out if the course is down to earth.<br />
<br />
In view of these properties, an appropriately solvent medication may diffuse too gradually through the mucosa to be powerful. Be that as it may, numerous medications are significantly more strongly taken sublingually, and it is for the most part a more secure option than an organization by means of the nasal mucosa.<br />
<br />
This strategy is additionally broadly utilized by individuals regulating certain psychoactive medications. One disadvantage, in any case, is tooth staining and rot brought about by long haul utilization of this technique with acidic or generally burning medications and fillers.<br />
1. Passive diffusion<br />
<br />
2. Active or carrier-mediated transport<br />
3. Endocytosis<br />
<h2 style="text-align: left;">
Factors affecting the sublingual absorption</h2>
1. Lipid solubility of the drug<br />
2. Saliva pH and pKa<br />
3. Oral epithelium thickness<br />
4. Partition coefficient<br />
<h2 style="text-align: left;">
Methods of Preparation</h2>
The following methods can be used to prepare sublingual tablets<br />
1. Direct compression Method<br />
2. Compression molding<br />
3. Freeze-drying<br />
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
1. Direct compression method</h3>
This is a commonly used method for the preparation of sublingual dosage forms and it is a simple and most economical method. The direct compression method is best suitable for heat-labile drugs. In this method we are using direct compressible and soluble ingredients, lubricant and a super disintegrant (for example Crospovidone, Microcrystalline cellulose, etc.), dry binder, sweeteners, and flavors.<br />
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
2. Compression molding</h3>
Tablets produced by this method will disintegrate and dissolved rapidly (within 4 to 11 sec). The disadvantage of this method is tablets having poor mechanical strength, to overcome this problem binders are added to the formulation blend.<br />
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
3. Freeze-drying</h3>
This is costly and consumes more time compared to direct compression; this method produces tablets of poor mechanical strength. Tablets produced by this method will have high porosity and dissolve instantly. This method is suitable for heat-sensitive drugs.<br />
<h2 style="text-align: left;">
Evaluation Tests</h2>
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
Hardness test</h3>
The hardness of the tablets was determined by using Hardness testers like Electro lab hardness tester, Monsanto hardness tester. The tablets should be resistant to breakage under storage conditions.<br />
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
In-vitro dispersion time</h3>
This test can be done by taking 50 ml of Phosphate buffer pH 6.8, three tablets were tested from each batch and note the dispersion time.<br />
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
Wetting time</h3>
Place the tablet at the center of absorbent paper fitted into a Petri dish, After the paper was completely wetted with refined water, overabundance water was totally depleted out of the dish. The time required for the water to diffuse from the wetted retentive paper all through the entire tablet was then recorded utilizing a stopwatch.<br />
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
Friability</h3>
Roche friabilator can be utilized to decide the friability. Check the weight of tablets and place them in friabilator, The tablets were pivoted in the friabilator for no less than 4 minutes. At the end of the test, tablets were cleaned and reweighed, the misfortune in the heaviness of tablets is the measure of friability. Friability is calculated in percentage using the following equation<br />
% Friability = Loss in weight × 100/Initial weight<br />
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
In-vitro disintegration test</h3>
This test can be performed by using the USP disintegration apparatus, distilled water was used as a medium. The time required to obtain complete disintegration of all tablets was noted.<br />
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
In-vitro dissolution test</h3>
This test can be performed by using USP dissolution test apparatus type II, 500 ml of distilled water was taken as a dissolution medium, samples were collected at predetermined time intervals, and analyze the collected samples using HPLC.</div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7122514322816578556.post-90706409274569340992020-07-10T07:31:00.001-07:002020-07-10T07:31:21.842-07:00Sources of Impurities in Pharmaceutical Substances<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<h2 style="text-align: left;">
Sources of Impurities in Pharmaceutical Substances</h2>
<div style="text-align: left;">
The impurities in pharmaceuticals are unwanted chemicals that remain with the <a href="https://www.thepharmaeducation.com/2020/07/active-pharmaceutical-ingredient.html">active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs)</a> or develop during formulation or upon aging of both API and pharmaceutical formulation.</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjYg0-YVUx-cAuxL49iKGyUO6ts4C0DdpZdxY-MZ0wyoNM-bnELCoJMrmGiqRf_V-QgH3_fDqfkmJQd5jaxmmfNQQuR2IN95UL-dZipcoqTwfstUVOLMBxLqn-y83WcX0EDwfZzxELgIFw/s1600/Sources+of+Impurities+in+Pharmaceutical+Substances.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Sources of Impurities in Pharmaceutical Substances" border="0" data-original-height="342" data-original-width="512" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjYg0-YVUx-cAuxL49iKGyUO6ts4C0DdpZdxY-MZ0wyoNM-bnELCoJMrmGiqRf_V-QgH3_fDqfkmJQd5jaxmmfNQQuR2IN95UL-dZipcoqTwfstUVOLMBxLqn-y83WcX0EDwfZzxELgIFw/s320/Sources+of+Impurities+in+Pharmaceutical+Substances.jpg" title="Sources of Impurities in Pharmaceutical Substances" width="320" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
Raw material employed in the manufacture</h3>
When chemical and substance are manufactured, the raw materials from which these are prepared often contain some impurities like arsenic, lead, heavy metals, etc.<br />
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
The method used in the manufacture</h3>
There are a number of drugs and chemicals, which are manufactured from different raw materials by adopting different methods. Certain drugs a multiple-step synthesis procedure is involve which produces intermediate compounds. The purification of the intermediate is also essential; otherwise, it will get into the final compound. Some side reaction takes place during the synthesis. Impurities of the side reactions products are also found in the substance.<br />
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
Chemical process & material employed</h3>
In the synthesis of drugs, many chemical reactions like nitration, halogenations, oxidation, reduction, hydrolysis are involved when chemical reactions are carried out in vessels or containers. The material of these vessels (Fe, Cu, Al, Ar) reacts upon by the solvents & chemical & reaction products are formed.<br />
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
Storage condition</h3>
The chemical and substances are prepared are stored in different types of containers, depending upon the nature of the material, batch size, and quality.<br />
<br />
Various type of material (plastic, polythene, iron, stainless steel, Al and copper) are used for storage reaction of these substances with the material of the storage vessels may take place and the products formed occur as impurities in the stored material.<br />
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
Decomposition</h3>
Some substance decomposes on to keep the presence of light, air, and oxygen. Many substances lose water crystallization when kept open, while deliquescent substances absorb water from the atmosphere and get liquefied. A number of organic substances get spoiled on exposure to the atmosphere e.g. amines, phenols, potent drugs, etc.<br />
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
Contamination</h3>
Contamination may be particulate matter in finished product due to dust, dirt, the particle of plaster, metal, or even land which may gain entry due to the wrong environment or due to corrosion of machinery.</div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7122514322816578556.post-14027832051349011702020-07-10T07:21:00.004-07:002020-07-22T07:31:05.364-07:00What is Toothpaste?<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<h2 style="text-align: left;">
What is in Toothpaste?</h2>
<ol style="text-align: left;">
<li>Abrasives</li>
<li>Detergent (1-2%)</li>
<li>Binding agents (1%)</li>
<li>Humectants (10-30%)</li>
<li>Flavouring, sweetening and coloring agents (1-5%)</li>
<li>Preservatives (0.05-0.50%)</li>
<li>Fluoride and other therapeutic agents</li>
<li>Water </li>
</ol>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgONeTDYERyc6MVfto_fokCmII4g4kDy6J7cB7Enm0ifngGM7z0bmch4Acf-wpim7FtFoppQ799DA8AjD1gbj1IouolnglEIBhyphenhyphenz2lNrUiziGVYPBWJd5-O_vEpflQXxTBfuOUrMnDUOFo/s1600/What+is+Toothpaste.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="What is Toothpaste" border="0" data-original-height="1067" data-original-width="1600" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgONeTDYERyc6MVfto_fokCmII4g4kDy6J7cB7Enm0ifngGM7z0bmch4Acf-wpim7FtFoppQ799DA8AjD1gbj1IouolnglEIBhyphenhyphenz2lNrUiziGVYPBWJd5-O_vEpflQXxTBfuOUrMnDUOFo/s320/What+is+Toothpaste.jpg" title="What is Toothpaste" width="320" /></a></div>
<h2 style="text-align: left;">
Types of toothpaste</h2>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>General decay</li>
<li>Plaque and tartar control</li>
<li>For sensitive teeth</li>
<li>For smokers</li>
<li>Special children's formulations</li>
<li>Tooth whitening pastes.</li>
</ul>
<h2 style="text-align: left;">
Ingredients of toothpaste</h2>
Ingredients of toothpaste are usually mentioned on its pack as "w/w" - that means weight by weight.<br />
Toothpaste ingredients are usually shown on packs as grams per 100 grams.<br />
In addition to water, toothpaste usually contains the following basic ingredients.<br />
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
Abrasives</h3>
Abrasives are the cleaning and polishing agents present in the toothpaste. It accounts for about a third of the toothpaste by weight. Most abrasive agents are chalk or silica-based.<br />
E.g. Dicalcium phosphate, sodium metaphosphate, calcium carbonate, silica, zirconium silicate or calcium pyrophosphate, etc.<br />
<br />
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
Detergent (1-2%)</h3>
Detergents foam and loosen plaque and other debris from the tooth surface. Principal examples are sodium lauryl sulphate and sodium N-lauroyl sarcosinate.<br />
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
Binding agents (1%)</h3>
These agents help to prevent the separation of solid and liquid ingredients during storage. They are usually derived from cellulose, sodium carboxy-methylcellulose being the most commonly used. Carrageenans (seaweed derived), xanthan gums, and alginates are also used.<br />
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
Humectants (10-30%)</h3>
Humectants act to retain moisture and helps in the prevention of toothpaste from hardening on exposure to air.<br />
E.g. Glycerol, sorbitol, and propylene glycol are commonly used.<br />
Glycerol and sorbitol also sweeten the toothpaste, though this is not their main function.<br />
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
Flavouring, sweetening and coloring agents (1-5%)</h3>
E.g. Peppermint, spearmint, cinnamon, wintergreen, and menthol are among the many different flavorings used. While rare, mucosal irritations from toothpaste (i.e., ulceration, gingivitis, angular cheilitis, perioral dermatitis) are usually linked to flavorings or preservatives they contain.<br />
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
Preservatives (0.05-0.5%)</h3>
E.g. Alcohols, benzoates, formaldehyde, and dichlorinated phenols are added to prevent bacterial growth on the organic binders and humectants.<br />
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
Fluoride and other therapeutic agents</h3>
The majority of toothpaste combines the caries protection of fluoride with other therapeutic agents to control plaque, tartar, and gum disease. The inclusion of antibacterial agents can help individuals improve their plaque control. Many kinds of toothpaste include triclosan, which has been shown to offer a clinically useful improvement in gum health.<br />
Other pastes specifically target "hardened plaque" (tartar) and use phyrosphosphate to inhibit the mineralization of dental plaque and hence the buildup of tartar (calculus).<br />
<br />
Toothpaste with <b>desensitizing agents</b> is also available for sensitive teeth.</div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7122514322816578556.post-70328838256913651342020-07-10T07:15:00.002-07:002020-07-10T07:15:58.300-07:00Differences Between Primary and Secondary standards<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<h2 style="text-align: left;">
Primary and Secondary standards</h2>
<div style="text-align: left;">
Differences Between Primary and Secondary standards.</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEil8eX9IU642LUBgllkZjUIzmgRDdZbjGbr8KPiThE6b055VISvLDaBpst2WCtFKcPNzOtr3yb-kjjXyqQjdfBnYXb9ImODRr681XW442Ld0GTyDjGoWVpGb17tdyKlUKBLRxzpzztR5iw/s1600/Differences+Between+Primary+and+Secondary+standards.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Differences Between Primary and Secondary standards" border="0" data-original-height="800" data-original-width="1200" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEil8eX9IU642LUBgllkZjUIzmgRDdZbjGbr8KPiThE6b055VISvLDaBpst2WCtFKcPNzOtr3yb-kjjXyqQjdfBnYXb9ImODRr681XW442Ld0GTyDjGoWVpGb17tdyKlUKBLRxzpzztR5iw/s320/Differences+Between+Primary+and+Secondary+standards.jpg" title="Differences Between Primary and Secondary standards" width="320" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<h2 style="text-align: left;">
Primary Standards</h2>
The substance of high purity used in the preparation of standard solution is called as a primary standard.<br />
Following requirements<br />
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>It must be easy to obtain, to purity, to dry, and stable under storage condition.</li>
<li>It must be readily soluble in water.</li>
<li>Impurities should not exceed 0.01-0.02 (99.98-99.99%pure).</li>
<li>It should have high equivalent weight so that weighing error may be negligible.</li>
<li>It should have a high equivalent weight.</li>
<li>Titration error should be negligible.</li>
<li>Uses simple indicators to determine the endpoint.</li>
<li>They are analytical grade reagents.</li>
</ul>
Examples are<br />
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
1. Acid-base titration</h3>
Sodium carbonate (borax: primary standard).<br />
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
2. Oxidation-reduction</h3>
Potassium dichromate, Pot. bromate, Pot. iodate.<br />
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
3. Reduction</h3>
Oxalic acid, Sodium oxalate.<br />
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
4.Precipitation</h3>
Silver nitrate (KCl, NaCl primary standard).<br />
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
5.Complexometric</h3>
ZnCl, calcium chloride.<br />
<h2 style="text-align: left;">
Secondary Standards</h2>
A substance that is not a primary standard in nature is called a secondary standard.<br />
Examples are<br />
1.Alkali solution (NaOH, KOH)<br />
2.Inorganic acid(H2SO4)<br />
3.Deliquescent substance liquid.<br />
<br />
Secondary standard reagents require standardization by using primary standards.<br />
<br /></div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7122514322816578556.post-10052168664115923332020-07-10T07:04:00.001-07:002020-08-31T07:08:24.687-07:00High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<h2 style="text-align: left;">
High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)</h2>
HPLC stands for <b>“<a href="https://www.thepharmaeducation.com/2020/07/high-performance-liquid-chromatography-hplc.html">High-Performance Liquid Chromatography</a>”</b> (sometimes referred to as High-Pressure Liquid Chromatography).<br />
High-performance liquid chromatography is a powerful tool in <a href="https://www.thepharmaeducation.com/2020/07/basic-concepts-of-pharmaceutical-analysis.html">analysis</a>, it yields high performance and high speed compared to traditional columns chromatography because of the forcibly pumped mobile phase.<br />
It is used in biochemistry and analytical chemistry to identify, quantify, and purify the individual components of a mixture.<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh86hseXFM495xb4SCt23a50XshYPpZX4mGRApek8WpNEs-Db30o6eG8gTIzANI5rTXfo1o91cmbfo4mPh04UyMfhi3l_2K7Qc7_85mecL3mDinu1O5HOS8zaH36D2Tgpk-R7Kt-TWU0_s/s1600/High+Performance+Liquid+Chromatography+HPLC.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)" border="0" data-original-height="420" data-original-width="800" height="168" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh86hseXFM495xb4SCt23a50XshYPpZX4mGRApek8WpNEs-Db30o6eG8gTIzANI5rTXfo1o91cmbfo4mPh04UyMfhi3l_2K7Qc7_85mecL3mDinu1O5HOS8zaH36D2Tgpk-R7Kt-TWU0_s/s320/High+Performance+Liquid+Chromatography+HPLC.jpg" title="High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)" width="320" /></a></div>
<h2 style="text-align: left;">
Advantages of HPLC</h2>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>Separations fast and efficient (High-resolution power).</li>
<li>Continuous monitoring of the column effluent.</li>
<li>It can be applied to the separation and analysis of very complex mixtures.</li>
<li>Accurate quantitative measurements.</li>
<li>Repetitive and reproducible analysis using the same column.</li>
<li>Adsorption, partition, ion-exchange, and exclusion column separations are excellently made. </li>
<li>HPLC is more versatile than GLC in some respects because it has the advantage of not being restricted to volatile and thermally stable solute and the choice of mobile and stationary phases is much wider in HPLC.</li>
<li>Both aqueous and non-aqueous samples can be analyzed with little or no sample pre-treatment. </li>
<li>A variety of solvents and column packing are available, providing a high degree of selectivity for specific analyses.</li>
<li>It provides a means for the determination of multiple components in a single analysis.</li>
</ul>
<h2 style="text-align: left;">
Applications of High Performance Liquid Chromatography</h2>
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
Pharmaceutical</h3>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>Tablet dissolution of pharmaceutical dosages.</li>
<li>Shelf life determinations of pharmaceutical products.</li>
<li>Identification of counterfeit drug products.</li>
<li>Pharmaceutical quality control.</li>
</ul>
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
Environmental</h3>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>Phenols in drinking water.</li>
<li>Biomonitoring of PAH pollution in high altitude mountain lakes through the analysis of fish bile.</li>
<li>Estrogens in coastal waters - the sewage source.</li>
<li>Toxicity of tetracyclines and their degradation products.</li>
<li>Assessment of TNT toxicity in sediment.</li>
</ul>
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
Forensics</h3>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>Identification of anabolic steroids in serum, urine, sweat, and hair.</li>
<li>Forensic analysis of textile dyes.</li>
<li>Determination of cocaine and metabolites in meconium.</li>
<li>Simultaneous quantification of psychotherapeutic drugs in human plasma.</li>
</ul>
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
Clinical</h3>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>Analysis of antibiotics.</li>
<li>Detection of endogenous neuropeptides in brain extracellular fluids.</li>
<li>Increased urinary excretion of aquaporin 2 in patients with liver cirrhosis.</li>
<li>Quantification of DEET in human urine.</li>
</ul>
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
Food and Flavor</h3>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>Sugar analysis in fruit juices.</li>
<li>Stability of aspartame in the presence of glucose and vanillin.</li>
<li>Ensuring soft drink consistency and quality.</li>
</ul>
</div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7122514322816578556.post-28087339983892076592020-07-10T06:57:00.002-07:002023-04-09T00:38:24.757-07:00What is Certificate of Analysis?<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<h2 style="text-align: left;">
What is Certificate of Analysis?</h2>
An authenticated document, issued by a relevant authority, that certifies the quality and purity of pharmaceuticals, and animal and plant products being exported.</div><div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgNkOSZxE8i5MUFrJ33o5Ya4BJ71t2hYIj5KggJ3YncCg4nRtrYgIZWUn_zCL_KPIm2oWypkl_8IMKVEfDL5RczCg_L4Nu096PKHPJBLU9ZfZRqCnZxxOLAqz32dn0SK4l7B9cTq5wAbRE/s1600/Certificate+of+Analysis.webp" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="555" data-original-width="1024" height="173" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgNkOSZxE8i5MUFrJ33o5Ya4BJ71t2hYIj5KggJ3YncCg4nRtrYgIZWUn_zCL_KPIm2oWypkl_8IMKVEfDL5RczCg_L4Nu096PKHPJBLU9ZfZRqCnZxxOLAqz32dn0SK4l7B9cTq5wAbRE/s320/Certificate+of+Analysis.webp" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
A Certificate of Analysis is a document issued by Quality Assurance that confirms that a regulated product meets its <a href="https://www.thepharmaeducation.com/2023/04/finished-product-specification-in.html">product specification</a>.<br />
They commonly contain the actual results obtained from testing performed as part of quality control of an individual batch of a product.<br />
<br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
</div>
</div>
Adminhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07734605578232476934noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7122514322816578556.post-1956297918724168812020-07-10T06:53:00.000-07:002020-07-16T05:13:54.455-07:00What is Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient?<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<h2 style="text-align: left;">
Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient.</h2>
Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient can be abbreviated as API.<br />
Any medicine that we use (tablet, capsule, syrup, injectables, cream, or lotion) are a combination of the API and excipients.<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh8grMIigUuARJLZnjC8ALCKzD-nUUhowIaVe6vpbPw_HsV6mc0KzFkjJ3pvXY4LnAS5j5DzpqXIEowvNZvelMHMhexJ8wGSzOIOkT6RO0Gq4MyQqZfUAPANVETEHfIBoW_vN6yWSQl7Z0/s1600/Active+Pharmaceutical+Ingredient.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient" border="0" data-original-height="450" data-original-width="750" height="192" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh8grMIigUuARJLZnjC8ALCKzD-nUUhowIaVe6vpbPw_HsV6mc0KzFkjJ3pvXY4LnAS5j5DzpqXIEowvNZvelMHMhexJ8wGSzOIOkT6RO0Gq4MyQqZfUAPANVETEHfIBoW_vN6yWSQl7Z0/s320/Active+Pharmaceutical+Ingredient.jpg" title="Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
The API is a chemical or a drug substance that is responsible for the pharmacological and therapeutic activities in the body. It is the main ingredient that treats a disease or disorder.<br />
But API can not be used in its raw form. API in its raw or crude form may not show proper suitability towards pharmacodynamic (what drug does to the body) and pharmacokinetics (what body does to the drug) activity. Therefore it is combined with suitable excipients that do not have any pharmacological or therapeutic activities but enhance the stability and activities of the API.<br />
Example - Crocin (A product of GSK) contains 500mg of paracetamol in each tablet. This means along with the API paracetamol there are some other ingredients present as well.<br />
<br />
An active pharma ingredient is an ingredient (API) that is responsible for causing the physiological changes determined to be a treatment to the diagnosis being treated.<br />
<h2 style="text-align: left;">
Categories of APIs</h2>
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
Natural APIs</h3>
The drug substance derived directly or extracted from the natural sources. <br />
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
Synthetic APIs</h3>
The drug substances are obtained directly by the chemical conversion of intermediates.<br />
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
Semi-synthetic APIs</h3>
The drug substance derived from a natural source is then converted synthetically into a drug substance.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br /></div>
Adminhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07734605578232476934noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7122514322816578556.post-82439954254663987232020-07-10T06:39:00.002-07:002020-07-22T07:21:55.564-07:00Flavoring Agents in Pharmaceutical Formulations<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<h2 style="text-align: left;">
<span class="ILfuVd"><span class="e24Kjd"><b>Flavoring Agents</b></span></span></h2>
The flavor is the sensory impression of a food or other substance and is determined mainly by the chemical senses of taste and smell. UK Food Law defines a natural flavor as a flavoring substance (or flavoring substances) which is (or are) obtained, by physical, enzymatic or microbiological processes, from a material of vegetable or animal origin which material is either raw or has been subjected to a process normally used in preparing food for human consumption. The U.S. Code of Federal Regulations describes a “natural flavorant” as the essential oil, oleoresin, essence or extractive, protein hydrolysate, distillate, or any product of roasting, heating or enzymolysis, which contains the flavoring constituents derived from a spice, fruit or fruit juice, vegetable or vegetable juice, edible yeast, herb, bark, bud, root, leaf or any other edible portions of a plant, meat, seafood, poultry, eggs, dairy products, or fermentation products thereof, whose primary function in food is flavoring rather than nutritional.<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgM8qPb-bzxfRPoTBJDXd4kacD0XfPrgXVXQHdZar7m7hgbQIou6IUM68w3ntG3hL8vZVNrhammyICtN7uW4Kx4eJ7jU0KslTu8yE-CoqzFvqJbnGUQLv0yVuBio4hrsreHF-KP0xTBWQo/s1600/Flavouring+Agents.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Flavouring agents" border="0" data-original-height="527" data-original-width="562" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgM8qPb-bzxfRPoTBJDXd4kacD0XfPrgXVXQHdZar7m7hgbQIou6IUM68w3ntG3hL8vZVNrhammyICtN7uW4Kx4eJ7jU0KslTu8yE-CoqzFvqJbnGUQLv0yVuBio4hrsreHF-KP0xTBWQo/s320/Flavouring+Agents.jpg" title="Flavouring agents" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
<h2 style="text-align: left;">
Properties</h2>
1. Flavouring agents are particularly significant in the case of liquid dosage forms intended for oral use. by suitably flavoring the medication in a liquid dosage form, the disagreeable taste may be successfully masked.<br />
2. Chewable tablets of antacids, vitamins, and antibiotics which are intended for mastication in the mouth, are usually sweetened and flavored to increase patient acceptance.<br />
<h2 style="text-align: left;">
Classification of Flavoring Agents</h2>
1. Natural flavoring agent Flavoring substances obtained from plant or animal raw materials, by physical, microbiological or enzymatic processes. They can be either used in their natural state or processed for human consumption, but cannot contain any artificial flavoring substances.<br />
Eg. Carbohydrates(honey), complex volatile oil (anise oil), aldehyde (vanillin), Aloe vera, Mentha, Cinnamomum, Eucalyptus, Ginger Oil, Natural Lemongrass oil, Peppermint Oil BP.<br />
<br />
2. Natural identical flavoring agent Flavoring substances that are obtained by synthesis or isolated through chemical processes, which are chemically and organoleptically identical to flavoring substances naturally present in products intended for human consumption. They cannot contain any artificial flavoring substances.<br />
Eg. Methyl salicylate, alcohol, glycerin.<br />
<br />
3. Artificial flavoring agents Flavoring substances not identified in a natural product intended for human consumption. These are typically produced by fractional distillation and additional chemical manipulation of naturally sourced chemicals, crude oil or coal tar. Although they are chemically different, sensory characteristics are the same as natural ones.<br />
Eg.cinnamaldehyde and benzaldehyde<br />
<h2 style="text-align: left;">
Most Common Flavors</h2>
<b>Taste - Masking Flavor</b><br />
<b>Salty-</b> cinnamon, raspberry, orange, maple, butterscotch, glycyrrhiza (licorice) syrup<br />
<b>Sweet-</b> fruit, berry, vanilla, acacia syrup<br />
<b>Bitter-</b> cocoa, chocolate-mint, wild cherry, walnut, glycyrrhiza (licorice), Eriodictyon, raspberry syrup<br />
<b>Sour-</b> fruit, citrus, cherry syrup<br />
<h2 style="text-align: left;">
Widely used Flavoring Agents in the Pharmaceutical Formulations</h2>
1.Caramel, Cocoa Powder – Food Colours & Flavors, used in pharmaceuticals, confectionery, ice creams, soft drinks, and all other kinds of food products.<br />
2.Mentha Arvensis oil<br />
3.P-Anisic Acid- 4-Anisic Acid; 4-methoxy benzoic acid – used as Flavoring Agent; Fragrance Ingredient; masking. as a pharmaceutical intermediate.<br />
4. Peppermint Oil BP- Peppermint Oil BP is an Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient, classified as Herbal drug, widely used in the pharmaceutical industry.<br />
5.L-Ethyl Lactate-Use As food aromatizing agent, flavoring agent of wines, and as a pharmaceutical intermediate.<br />
6. GMP certified menthol- GMP Certified Menthol Crystals IP/EP/BP/USP are made under rigid Pharmaceutical standards having all the regulatory approvals.<br />
7. Dill Seed Oil<br />
8. Fennel oil Indian-Natural<br />
9. Caraway Oil Indian IP/BP/EP/USP/FCC/Food Grade<br />
10.Soya Bean Oil BP/EP/USP/FCC<br />
<h2 style="text-align: left;">
Novel Flavoring Agents</h2>
(a) Sodium gluconate-high quality, best price, and purity more than 99.5%.<br />
(b) L-Theanine.<br />
(c) Methylene chloride<br />
<br />
Recommended Reading - <span class="retitle"></span><br />
<h2 class="post-title entry-title">
<span class="retitle"><a href="https://www.thepharmaeducation.com/2018/12/list-of-pharmaceutical-excipients-additives.html">List of Pharmaceutical Excipients/Additives and Their Uses Enlisted
</a></span></h2>
</div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7122514322816578556.post-88282704146003870942020-07-10T05:40:00.004-07:002020-07-10T05:41:25.608-07:00Pharmaceutical Emulsion - Types, Advantages, Disadvantages and Its Identification<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<h2 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Pharmaceutical Emulsion </span></h2>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">The pharmaceutical emulsion may be defined as a thermodynamically
unstable biphasic system consists of two immiscible liquids, one of which is
finely and uniformly dispersed (the dispersed phase)as globules throughout the second phase (the continuous phase). As emulsions are a thermodynamically
an unstable system, a third agent, the emulsifier/emulsifying agent is added to
stabilize the system.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-bookmark: _GoBack;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">It
is a biphasic liquid dosage form in which two immiscible liquids phase change
into a stable uniform system with the help of an emulsifying agent. One phase is
dispersed as droplets in the dispersion medium. Globule diameter in the range
of 0.1-100µm. Emulsion also called a heterogeneous system or biphasic system.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-bookmark: _GoBack;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><b>Natural
emulsions</b> – milk, rubber latex, crude oil, etc.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-bookmark: _GoBack;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><b>O/W
type emulsion</b> – Dispersed phase </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _GoBack;"><span style="font-family: "wingdings"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;">à</span></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _GoBack;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">
Oil, dispersion media/continuous phase </span></span><span style="font-family: "wingdings";">a</span><span style="mso-bookmark: _GoBack;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">
water</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-bookmark: _GoBack;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><b>W/O
type emulsion</b> – Dispersed phase </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _GoBack;"><span style="font-family: "wingdings"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;">à</span></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _GoBack;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">
water, dispersion media/ continuous phase </span></span><span style="font-family: "wingdings";">a</span><span style="mso-bookmark: _GoBack;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">
oil</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-bookmark: _GoBack;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">The
ratio of disperse phase volume to the total volume is known as phase volume or
phase volume ration.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-bookmark: _GoBack;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Poly
disperse system (emulsion within emulsion) </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _GoBack;"><span style="font-family: "wingdings"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;">à</span></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _GoBack;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">
with more than one discontinuous phase may be possible like double and multiple
emulsion like O/W/O, W/O/W, They used for sustained drug release dosage form.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjOsZ7MjRegHoqbzCvYCJBSEUauIrEK_U8wbRz770zPwjegq1gS6ew3wT-dkyJExN9Ulz97sgHqbZfcGksKkXs-x7Z95S_78UD9WTEpW3vbTolhnUtHYittGgEu_c_OjQFRwcut38fZk-w/s1600/Pharmaceutical+Emulsion.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="934" data-original-width="1400" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjOsZ7MjRegHoqbzCvYCJBSEUauIrEK_U8wbRz770zPwjegq1gS6ew3wT-dkyJExN9Ulz97sgHqbZfcGksKkXs-x7Z95S_78UD9WTEpW3vbTolhnUtHYittGgEu_c_OjQFRwcut38fZk-w/s320/Pharmaceutical+Emulsion.jpg" width="320" /></a></span></div>
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-bookmark: _GoBack;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Microemulsion
– Globule size is 0.01 – 0.1 µm and transparent.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-bookmark: _GoBack;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Macroemulsion/conventional
emulsion/coarse emulsion – Globule size is 0.1 – 100 µm, opaque in appearance.
(Submicron emulsion = 0.1 – 1 µm)</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-bookmark: _GoBack;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">O/W
emulsion used for internal and external use while W/O used only externally as
cream and lotion for emollient use.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<h2 style="text-align: left;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Types of emulsion </span></b></h2>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Oil in water emulsion</span></b></h3>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">If the oil droplets are
dispersed in the aqueous phase, the emulsion is termed as oil-in-water (O/W)
emulsion. </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">They are non-greasy. They are easily
removable from the skin surface and they are used externally to provide a cooling
effect and internally to mask the bitter taste of the oil. <span style="color: black;">O/W
emulsion gives a positive conductivity test as water, the external phase is a
good conductor of electricity.</span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></b><br />
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">
<span style="color: black;">Water in oil emulsion </span></span></b></h3>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">A system in which the
water is dispersed as globules in the oil continuous phase is termed as water-in-oil
(W/O)emulsion. </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">They are greasy. They are not water
washable and are used externally to prevent evaporation of the moisture from
the surface of skin e.g. cold cream.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">W/O emulsion is not gives
a positive conductivity tests, because oil is the external phase which is a
poor conductor of electricity.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Multiple emulsions </span></b></h3>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Multiple emulsions are
complex systems.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>They can be considered
as emulsions of emulsions.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Their pharmaceutical applications
include taste masking, adjuvant vaccines, immobilization of enzymes and
sorbent reservoir of overdose treatments, and sometimes for the augmentation of
external skin or dermal absorption.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<h2>
<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Advantages of
Pharmaceutical emulsion</span></b></h2>
</div>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Unpalatable oils can
be administered in a palatable form.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Unpalatable oil-soluble
drugs can be administered in a palatable form.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">The aqueous phase is
easily flavored.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">The oily sensation is
easily removed.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">The rate of absorption
is increased.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">It is possible to
include two incompatible ingredients, one in each phase of the
emulsion.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _GoBack;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Mask
the unpleasant taste – Ex. Laxative, phenolphthalein, vit. A.</span></span>
</span></li>
<li><span style="mso-bookmark: _GoBack;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Improved
bioavailability – Griseofulvin, insulin and heparin.</span></span></li>
<li><span style="mso-bookmark: _GoBack;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Sustained
release medication – Water-soluble antigenic materials are dispersed in mineral
oil and are given as an intramuscular injection (depot) and release antigen over a
long period from depot.</span></span></li>
<li><span style="mso-bookmark: _GoBack;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Nutritional
supplement – Fats dissolved in the oil phase and water-soluble nutrients are
incorporated in the aqueous phase. This used for malnourished and stressed
patients.</span></span></li>
<li><span style="mso-bookmark: _GoBack;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Diagnostic
purposes – Radio opaque emulsions are used as diagnostic material in x-ray
examination.</span></span></li>
<li><span style="mso-bookmark: _GoBack;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Topical
use – Cream, lotions, liniment and aerosol.</span></span></li>
<li><span style="mso-bookmark: _GoBack;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Emulsified
perfluorocarbon formulations have been considered for use as oxygen-transport
fluids or blood substituents.</span></span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<h2>
<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Disadvantages of
Pharmaceutical emulsion</span></b></h2>
</div>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">It needs to be
shaken well before use.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">A measuring device is
needed for administration.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">A degree of technical
accuracy is needed to measure a dose.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Storage conditions may
affect stability.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Bulky, difficult to
transport, and prone to container breakages.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Liable to
microbial contamination which can lead to cracking.</span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-bookmark: _GoBack;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Emulsifying
agent for O/W – </span></b></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _GoBack;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">gum acacia,
tween, veegum, tragacanth, methylcellulose, saponins, and soaps formed from
monovalent bases like Na+, K+ and NH4+.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-bookmark: _GoBack;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Emulsifying
agent for W/O – </span></b></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _GoBack;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Wool fat,
resins, beeswax, and soaps formed from divalent bases like Ca+, Mg+2, and Zn+2.
(Bentonite used for both emulsions).</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-bookmark: _GoBack;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">The emulsion has white color due to light refraction.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<h2 style="text-align: left;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Tests for Identifying Emulsion Types</span></b></h2>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Dilution test/miscibility test<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></b></h3>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Miscibility test
involves the addition of continuous phase, e.g.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In case of O/W emulsion; the emulsion remains </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">stable upon unlimited addition of water but will be unstable
upon unlimited addition of oil, that is, the oil will separate. Vice versa is
the case with W/O emulsion. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Electrical
conductivity test </span></b></h3>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Water is a good conductor of
electricity; hence, an emulsion with the water continuous phase will readily conduct
electricity while that with oil continuous phase will not. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Staining
test/dye-solubility test </span></b></h3>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">In this test, a small amount of water-soluble dye, suc<a href="https://www.blogger.com/u/1/null" name="_GoBack"></a>h as methylene blue is added to the
emulsion, if the water is the continuous phase (O/W emulsion), the dye will dissolve
uniformly throughout the system. If the oil is the continuous phase (W/O emulsion),
the dye will remain as a cluster on the surface of the system</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<h2>
<span style="mso-bookmark: _GoBack;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Identification
test for emulsion</span></b></span></h2>
</div>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><span style="mso-bookmark: _GoBack;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Cobalt
chloride test – Color changed blue to pink with o/w emulsion but not changed
with w/o emulsion.</span></span></li>
<li><span style="mso-bookmark: _GoBack;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Conductivity
test – o/w emulsion than bulb glow because more water has conductivity.</span></span></li>
<li><span style="mso-bookmark: _GoBack;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">w/o emulsion
than bulb not glow because more oil has not conductivity.</span></span></li>
<li><span style="mso-bookmark: _GoBack;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Dilution
test – Phase inversion.</span></span></li>
<li><span style="mso-bookmark: _GoBack;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Dye
test – Water solution dye (amaranth) mix to unknown emulsion, if droplets are
colored than emulsion is w/o, if dispersion media colored than emulsion is o/w
type.</span></span></li>
<li><span style="mso-bookmark: _GoBack;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Direction
of creaming – Downward – w/o type emulsion, upward – o/w type emulsion.</span></span></li>
<li><span style="mso-bookmark: _GoBack;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Always oil moves
upward and water more downward because oil<water density.</span></span></li>
<li><span style="mso-bookmark: _GoBack;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Filter
paper test – o/w emulsion spread rapidly on filter paper while w/o spread or migrate
slowly.</span></span></li>
<li><span style="mso-bookmark: _GoBack;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Fluorescence
test – Oil has fluorescence character so that if dispersion media fluorescent –
w/o emulsion droplets fluorescent – o/w emulsion.</span></span></li>
</ul>
<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<o:OfficeDocumentSettings>
<o:AllowPNG/>
</o:OfficeDocumentSettings>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:WordDocument>
<w:View>Normal</w:View>
<w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom>
<w:TrackMoves/>
<w:TrackFormatting/>
<w:PunctuationKerning/>
<w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/>
<w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>
<w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent>
<w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>
<w:DoNotPromoteQF/>
<w:LidThemeOther>EN-US</w:LidThemeOther>
<w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian>
<w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript>
<w:Compatibility>
<w:BreakWrappedTables/>
<w:SnapToGridInCell/>
<w:WrapTextWithPunct/>
<w:UseAsianBreakRules/>
<w:DontGrowAutofit/>
<w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/>
<w:DontVertAlignCellWithSp/>
<w:DontBreakConstrainedForcedTables/>
<w:DontVertAlignInTxbx/>
<w:Word11KerningPairs/>
<w:CachedColBalance/>
</w:Compatibility>
<m:mathPr>
<m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/>
<m:brkBin m:val="before"/>
<m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/>
<m:smallFrac m:val="off"/>
<m:dispDef/>
<m:lMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:rMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/>
<m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/>
<m:intLim m:val="subSup"/>
<m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/>
</m:mathPr></w:WordDocument>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true"
DefSemiHidden="true" DefQFormat="false" DefPriority="99"
LatentStyleCount="267">
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Normal"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="heading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" QFormat="true" Name="caption"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="59" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
</w:LatentStyles>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]>
<style>
/* Style Definitions */
table.MsoNormalTable
{mso-style-name:"Table Normal";
mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-parent:"";
mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;
mso-para-margin-top:0in;
mso-para-margin-right:0in;
mso-para-margin-bottom:8.0pt;
mso-para-margin-left:0in;
line-height:107%;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;}
</style>
<![endif]--></div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7122514322816578556.post-39044115829669555762020-07-06T06:09:00.002-07:002020-07-06T06:09:34.222-07:00Pharmaceutical Suspension - Classification, Advantages, Disadvantages and Uses<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div>
<h2 class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Pharmaceutical Suspension</span></h2>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">A Pharmaceutical suspension is a dispersion in which the Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient (internal
phase)is dispersed in the vehicle (external phase).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">As per this
definition, the solubility of the therapeutic agent in the vehicle is low.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">The internal phase consists of insoluble or poorly soluble solid particles. These particles
lie in the size range from 0.5-5 </span><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">µ</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">that is maintained consistently throughout
the suspending medium with the aid of a single/combination of the suspending
agent. The external phase (suspending medium) is generally aqueous in some instances. It may be an organic or oily liquid for non-oral use.</span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEinbVjGkUhWq6eyHtQh3HOxcx3Kv9hKjJU2fmE_jMToxrTzpXY-E7OfuAnIDJDdp2rqJZIHcW-aTE8-N1-fpk1y8oHo18xRJK6dgAob9TNR1rt6rTMz5NEc6b_mFVfiLBebqC-MikNG40A/s1600/Pharmaceutical+suspension.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Pharmaceutical Suspension" border="0" data-original-height="667" data-original-width="1000" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEinbVjGkUhWq6eyHtQh3HOxcx3Kv9hKjJU2fmE_jMToxrTzpXY-E7OfuAnIDJDdp2rqJZIHcW-aTE8-N1-fpk1y8oHo18xRJK6dgAob9TNR1rt6rTMz5NEc6b_mFVfiLBebqC-MikNG40A/s320/Pharmaceutical+suspension.jpg" title="Pharmaceutical Suspension" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<h2 class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">The reasons to formulate a pharmaceutical
suspension:</span></b></h2>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">If
the drug is insoluble or poorly soluble in the delivery vehicle.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">To
mask the bitter or unpleasant taste of the drug.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">To
increase the stability of the drug.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">To
achieve a sustained or controlled drug release.</span></li>
</ul>
<h2 class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Examples of
Pharmaceutical Suspensions</span></h2>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Antacid
oral suspensions</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Antibacterial
oral suspension</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Dry
powders (antibiotic) for oral suspension</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Analgesic
oral suspension</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Anthelmentic
oral suspension</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Anticonvulsant
oral suspension</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Antifungal
oral suspension</span></li>
</ul>
<h2 class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Classification</span></b></h2>
<h3 class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Based on General Classes</span></b></h3>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Oral suspension</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> – e.g.Antacids,
Paracetamol suspension, and Tetracycline hydrochloride.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Externally
applied suspension</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">
- e.g. Calamine lotion.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Parenteral
suspension -</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">
e.g. Procaine penicillin G, Insulin Zinc Suspension.</span></div>
<h3 class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Based on the Proportion of Solid Particles</span></b></h3>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Dilute
suspension (2-10%w/v solid)</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> - e.g.Cortisone acetate, Predinisolone acetate.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Concentrated
suspension (50%w/v solid) - </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">e.g. Zinc oxide suspension.</span></div>
<h3 class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Based on Electro-kinetic Nature of Solid Particles</span></b></h3>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Flocculated
suspension</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Deflocculated
suspension</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<h3 class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Based on Size of Solid Particles</span></b></h3>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Colloidal suspensions -</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Particle sizes
of suspended solid less than about 1 micron in size.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Coarse suspensions -</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Particle sizes
of greater than about 1micron in diameter.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Nano-suspensions -</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Biphasic colloidal dispersions of
Nano-sized drug particles stabilized by surfactants.</span></div>
<h2 class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Advantages of Pharmaceutical Suspension</span></b></h2>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">It enhances the
chemical stability of some drugs like Procaine penicillin G.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Therapeutic
agents present in the suspension gives a higher bioavailability rate as compared to
other dosage forms. Solution > Suspension > Capsule > Compressed
Tablet > Coated tablet.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Duration
and the onset of action can be controlled like Protamine Zinc-Insulin suspension.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">It
can mask the unpleasant or bitter taste of therapeutic agents like
Chloramphenicol.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Pharmaceutical
suspensions are a useful drug delivery system for drugs that have a low
solubility. </span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Pharmaceutical
suspensions may be employed to administer drugs to patients who have difficulty
in swallowing of solid-dosage forms.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Pharmaceutical
suspensions may be formulated to provide controlled drug delivery, e.g. as
intramuscular injections.</span></li>
</ul>
<h2 class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Disadvantages of Pharmaceutical Suspension</span></b></h2>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Physical
stability, sedimentation, and compaction can cause some troubles.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">It
is bulky sufficient care must be taken during handling and transport and
therefore difficult for a patient to carry.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">It
is difficult to formulate.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Uniform
and accurate dose of the therapeutic agent cannot be obtained unless it packed
in the unit dosage form.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Pharmaceutical
suspensions are essentially unstable. Hence, it requires formulation skill to
ensure the physical stability of the formulation is retained over the period of
the shelf-life.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">The
formulation of aesthetic suspension is difficult.</span></li>
</ul>
<h2 class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Applications</span></b></h2>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">A suspension is usually suitable for poorly soluble or insoluble drugs E.g.
Prednisolone suspension.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">To
preventdrug degradat<a href="https://www.blogger.com/u/1/null" name="_GoBack"></a>ion or to improve the drug stability.
E.g. Oxytetracycline suspension.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">To
maskthe bitter or unpleasant taste of the drug. e.g. Chloramphenicol palmitate
suspension.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">It
can be formulated for topical application e.g. Calamine lotion.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Vaccines
are often formulated as a suspension. e.g. Cholera vaccine.</span></li>
</ul>
<h2 class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Features expected in Pharmaceutical suspensions</span></b></h2>
</div>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">It
should have a low rate of sedimentation it means suspended particles should not
settle rapidly.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">It
should be easy to pour.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">It
should have good syringeability.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">It
should be physically, chemically, and microbiologically stable.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">In
case of parenteral or ophthalmic, it should be sterilizable.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">The
disperse phase must be easily redispersed with gentle shaking.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: ZapfDingbats;">T</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">he flow properties of the suspension
should be such that the formulation to be easily removed from the container.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">It
should be aesthetically pleasing.</span></li>
</ul>
<div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span></div>
<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<o:OfficeDocumentSettings>
<o:AllowPNG/>
</o:OfficeDocumentSettings>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:WordDocument>
<w:View>Normal</w:View>
<w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom>
<w:TrackMoves/>
<w:TrackFormatting/>
<w:PunctuationKerning/>
<w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/>
<w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>
<w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent>
<w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>
<w:DoNotPromoteQF/>
<w:LidThemeOther>EN-US</w:LidThemeOther>
<w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian>
<w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript>
<w:Compatibility>
<w:BreakWrappedTables/>
<w:SnapToGridInCell/>
<w:WrapTextWithPunct/>
<w:UseAsianBreakRules/>
<w:DontGrowAutofit/>
<w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/>
<w:DontVertAlignCellWithSp/>
<w:DontBreakConstrainedForcedTables/>
<w:DontVertAlignInTxbx/>
<w:Word11KerningPairs/>
<w:CachedColBalance/>
</w:Compatibility>
<m:mathPr>
<m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/>
<m:brkBin m:val="before"/>
<m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/>
<m:smallFrac m:val="off"/>
<m:dispDef/>
<m:lMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:rMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/>
<m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/>
<m:intLim m:val="subSup"/>
<m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/>
</m:mathPr></w:WordDocument>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true"
DefSemiHidden="true" DefQFormat="false" DefPriority="99"
LatentStyleCount="267">
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Normal"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="heading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" QFormat="true" Name="caption"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="59" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
</w:LatentStyles>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]>
<style>
/* Style Definitions */
table.MsoNormalTable
{mso-style-name:"Table Normal";
mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-parent:"";
mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;
mso-para-margin-top:0in;
mso-para-margin-right:0in;
mso-para-margin-bottom:8.0pt;
mso-para-margin-left:0in;
line-height:107%;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;}
</style>
<![endif]--></div>
</div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7122514322816578556.post-163426334486915922020-06-20T03:56:00.003-07:002020-06-20T03:56:57.858-07:00Pharma Quiz 3 - Find answers of Pharma Quiz 2 - The Pharma Education<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div dir="ltr">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgpNENH_aNSQyQjR6V13qaMmyFGF4ebVh-_xC1iIyidLclnWY8ySYzeNl7msWnk-CdjxCnAezIQcpvB_0dHkczyfHM6J1B0uA-d9ipoHvuzhy07F7zz6NAoDP1geVO7-VMgY162fjzMG6_d/s320/question-mark-213671.jpg" width="252" /></div>
<br /></div>
<div dir="ltr">
1. Apparatus No. 4 as per USP is<br />
A. Basket type<br />
B. Flow-through cell<br />
C. Reciprocating cylinder<br />
D. Paddle over disk</div>
<div dir="ltr">
<br /></div>
<div dir="ltr">
2. Hydrolytic product of sucrose yields<br />
A. Glucose + Glucose<br />
B. Glucose + Galactose<br />
C. Glucose + Fructose<br />
D. Glucose + Glucose + Fructose</div>
<div dir="ltr">
<br /></div>
<div dir="ltr">
3. pH of Blood is<br />
A. 7.4<br />
B. 1<br />
C. 6.2<br />
D. 6.5</div>
<div dir="ltr">
<br /></div>
<div dir="ltr">
4. Excessive heat means<br />
A. 2-8°C<br />
B. More than 8°C<br />
C. At 0°C<br />
D. Any temperature above 40°C</div>
<div dir="ltr">
<br /></div>
<div dir="ltr">
5. TGA is the Regulatory authority of the country<br />
A. India<br />
B. Australia<br />
C. Europe<br />
D. USA</div>
<div dir="ltr">
<br /></div>
<div dir="ltr">
6. The statement “store in a cold place” as per IP means<br />
A. Store at room temperature<br />
B. Store between 2 to 8 °C<br />
C. Store at any temperature between 8 to 25 °C<br />
D. Store at 0 °C</div>
<div dir="ltr">
<br /></div>
<div dir="ltr">
7. The smallest size of the capsule<br />
A. 0<br />
B. 3<br />
C. 4<br />
D. 5</div>
<div dir="ltr">
<br /></div>
<div dir="ltr">
8. Tablespoonful measures<br />
A. 4 ml<br />
B. 8 ml<br />
C. 15 ml<br />
D. 30 ml</div>
<div dir="ltr">
<br /></div>
<div dir="ltr">
9. Antitubercular drug is<br />
A. Primidone<br />
B. Benzhexol<br />
C. Isoniazid<br />
D. Nicotinic acid</div>
<div dir="ltr">
<br /></div>
<div dir="ltr">
10. Disintegration time for hard gelatin capsule as per IP<br />
A. 15 min<br />
B. 30 min<br />
C. 60 min<br />
D. 75 min</div>
<div dir="ltr">
<br /></div>
<div dir="ltr">
11. Bloom strength is used to check the quality of<br />
A. Gelatin<br />
B. Lactose<br />
C. Ampoules<br />
D. Tablets</div>
<div dir="ltr">
<br /></div>
<div dir="ltr">
12. Murexide indicator used in titration<br />
A. Precipitation<br />
B. Complexometric<br />
C. Aqueous<br />
D. Non-aqueous</div>
<div dir="ltr">
<br /></div>
<div dir="ltr">
13. All of the following physicochemical constants are useful in predicting the solubility of a drug except<br />
A. Dielectric constant<br />
B. pH of a solution<br />
C. pKa of the drug<br />
D. Valency</div>
<div dir="ltr">
<br /></div>
<div dir="ltr">
14. Schedule FF contains the list of the following<br />
A. Drugs which can be marked under generic names only<br />
B. Drugs which are habit-forming<br />
C. Standards for ophthalmic preparation<br />
D. Drugs which are exempt from certain provisions applicable to manufacturing</div>
<div dir="ltr">
<br /></div>
<div dir="ltr">
15. Schedule O deals with<br />
A. Standards for disinfectant fluids<br />
B. Drugs which are habit-forming<br />
C. Standards for ophthalmic preparation<br />
D. Standards for cosmetics.</div>
<div dir="ltr">
<br /></div>
<div dir="ltr">
16. Tribulus Terrestris is a biological name of<br />
A. Castor oil<br />
B. Punarnava<br />
C. Nutmeg<br />
D. Gokhru</div>
<div dir="ltr">
<br /></div>
<div dir="ltr">
17. This is not a type of Proton pump inhibitor drug is<br />
A. Ranitidine<br />
B. Omeprazole<br />
C. Pentaprazole<br />
D. Rabeprazole</div>
<div dir="ltr">
<br /></div>
<div dir="ltr">
18. In Bronsted-Lowry concept acid is<br />
A. Proton donor<br />
B. Electron donor<br />
C. Proton acceptor<br />
D. Electron accepter</div>
<div dir="ltr">
<br /></div>
<div dir="ltr">
19. Which one of the following anti-arrhythmic drugs acts by inhibiting potassium, sodium and calcium channels?<br />
A. Quinidine<br />
B. Lignocaine<br />
C. Amiodarone<br />
D. Flecainide</div>
<div dir="ltr">
<br /></div>
<div dir="ltr">
20. Disposable syringes are made up of<br />
A. Polypropylene<br />
B. Transparent polystyrene<br />
C. Glass<br />
D. Poly tetra chloro ethylene</div>
<div dir="ltr">
<br /></div>
<div dir="ltr">
21. Which one of the following alkaloids is derived from Lysine?<br />
A. Emetine<br />
B. Cheliconine<br />
C. Lobeline<br />
D. Stachydrine</div>
<div dir="ltr">
<br /></div>
<div dir="ltr">
22. CDSCO is the regulatory authority of the country<br />
A. USA<br />
B. Australia<br />
C. China<br />
D. India</div>
<div dir="ltr">
<br /></div>
<div dir="ltr">
23. The geriatric population should be included in the following Phase of clinical trials<br />
A. Phase I<br />
B. Phase II<br />
C. Phase III<br />
D. All of the above</div>
<div dir="ltr">
<br /></div>
<div dir="ltr">
24. A peptide hormone which inhibits bone resorption and given as a nasal spray is<br />
Cortisol<br />
Alendronate<br />
Calcitonin<br />
Calcitriol</div>
<div dir="ltr">
<br /></div>
<div dir="ltr">
25. Which one of the following is a flocculating agent for a negatively charged drug?<br />
A. Aluminium chloride<br />
B. Bentonite Inositol<br />
C. Tragacanth<br />
D. Sodium biphosphate</div>
<div dir="ltr">
<b><br /></b>
<br />
<h2 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="color: blue;"><b>SEE ANSWERS</b></span></h2>
</div>
<div dir="ltr">
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<b>ANSWERS OF PREVIOUS QUIZ 2</b></h3>
1. Tulsi<br />
2. Molisch’s reagent<br />
3. Schedule P<br />
4. Magnetic field strength<br />
5. Dissolution test apparatus<br />
6. Store between 2 to 8 °C<br />
7. Sucrose<br />
8. Myristicaceae<br />
9. Tetracycline<br />
10. Captopril<br />
11. Gelatin<br />
12. Excellent<br />
13. Valency<br />
14. Drugs which can be marked under generic names only<br />
15. Standards for cosmetics<br />
16. Punarnava<br />
17. Rabeprazole<br />
18. Proton donor<br />
19. Protein ppt. antimicrobial agent<br />
20. Polypropylene<br />
21. Small intestine<br />
22. India<br />
23. Basic<br />
24. Zidovudine<br />
25. Thiamine<br />
<br /></div>
</div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7122514322816578556.post-13353906221467358642020-06-16T02:10:00.002-07:002020-06-16T02:40:26.345-07:00Types of Graph - How to Choose Ideal Graph<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<h2 style="text-align: left;">
Types of Graph - How to Choose Ideal Graph.</h2>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEif4ucpuqt9mP1vWXKokLT-VpiByzK4faymZiue3A3iPKsQlsLf_mTiZS6gTe-PUBX_WoDROFI6Uwkx1U6_Lnf49vcR4_vOhft2onnn0LLRn3uIVcDsdCeb20JnDLCs0i1xI6fT33h4qcQ/s1600/Slide1.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="720" data-original-width="960" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEif4ucpuqt9mP1vWXKokLT-VpiByzK4faymZiue3A3iPKsQlsLf_mTiZS6gTe-PUBX_WoDROFI6Uwkx1U6_Lnf49vcR4_vOhft2onnn0LLRn3uIVcDsdCeb20JnDLCs0i1xI6fT33h4qcQ/s320/Slide1.JPG" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
You will learn about different types of graphs and how to choose an ideal graph for the best presentation of your informative data.<br />
<h2 style="text-align: left;">
Graph </h2>
Creation and study of the visual representation of data/information that has been abstracted in some schematic form.<br />
<h2 style="text-align: left;">
Importance of Graph</h2>
Communicate information clearly and efficiently.<br />Numerical data may be encoded, to visually communicate a quantitative message. <br />Makes complex data more accessible, understandable & usable.<br />It helps users to analyze the data (comparisons or understanding causality).<br />
<h2 style="text-align: left;">
Characteristics of the Ideal Graph</h2>
Show the data.<br />Induce the viewer to think about the substance rather than about methodology, graphic design, the technology of graphic production, or something else.<br />Avoid distorting what the data has to say.<br />Present many numbers in a small space.<br />Make large data sets coherent.<br />
<h2 style="text-align: left;">
The Chart/Graph Making Process</h2>
Know the message<br />
Arrange data<br />
Prepare chart<br />
Format<br />
<h2 style="text-align: left;">
A Graph Represents About</h2>
Comparison<br />
Trend over time<br />
Distribution<br />
Deviation<br />
Parts of whole<br />
Relationship<br />
<h2 style="text-align: left;">
Parts of chart</h2>
<b>Source Data</b> - The range of cells that make up a chart.<br /><b>Title </b>- The title of the chart.<br /><b>Legend </b>- The chart key, which identifies what each color on the chart represents.<br /><b>Axis </b>- The vertical and horizontal parts of a chart. The vertical axis (Y) and the Horizontal axis (X).<br />
<br />
<b>Data Series </b>- The actual charted values, which are usually rows or columns of the source data.<br /><b>Value Axis </b>- The axis that represents the values or units of the source data.<br /><b>Category Axis </b>- The axis identifying each data series.<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjcIi7du2EHb6idr4kK-uxH7hxz5T8lHlhAO0dUsoefI463EkAm_RLMJ4iY70BrIbzpM-WU9LR0l5SDP3vn4UT8P8a9P277PFQ8UMhRiPkH2zdVZTI1lvQ5fFQp3l-UZ7O5kYVWpV9ct98/s1600/Slide10.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="720" data-original-width="960" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjcIi7du2EHb6idr4kK-uxH7hxz5T8lHlhAO0dUsoefI463EkAm_RLMJ4iY70BrIbzpM-WU9LR0l5SDP3vn4UT8P8a9P277PFQ8UMhRiPkH2zdVZTI1lvQ5fFQp3l-UZ7O5kYVWpV9ct98/s320/Slide10.JPG" width="320" /></a></div>
<br /><b><span id="goog_901083772"></span><span id="goog_901083773"></span>Column</b><br />
Column charts use vertical bars to represent data. Most frequently used for comparing information.<br />
<b>Line</b><br />
Line charts are ideal for showing trends. Data points are connected with lines, making it easy to see whether values are increasing or decreasing over time.<br />
<b>Pie </b><br />Pie charts make it easy to compare proportions. Each value is shown as a slice of the pie, so it's easy to see which values make up the percentage of a whole.<br /><b>Bar</b><br />
Bar charts work just like column charts, but they use horizontal rather than vertical bars.<br /><b>Area</b><br />
Area charts are similar to line charts, except the areas under the lines are filled in.<br />
<b>X Y (Scatter)</b><br />
Scatter charts are often used to find out if there is a relationship between variable X and Y.<br /><b>Stock</b><br />
They are graphical representations of historical stock prices which help to determine current supply and demand forces in a stock.<br /><b>Surface</b><br />
Allow display data across a 3D landscape. Works best with large data sets, allowing you to see a variety of information at the same time.<br />
<b>Doughnut</b><br />
Similar to the Pie chart and Shows the relationship of parts to a whole but doughnut chart can contain more than one data series. Each data series that plot in this char adds a ring to the chart.<br />
<b>Bubble</b><br />
Displays 3D of data. Each entity with its triplet of associated data is plotted as a disk that expresses 2 of the values through the disk’s XY location and the third through its size. <br /><b>Radar</b><br />
Graphical method of displaying multivariate data in the form of a 2D chart of three or more quantitative variables represented on axes starting from the same point.<br />
<b>Ternary</b><br />
Graphically depicts the ratios of the three variables as positions in an equilateral triangle.<br /><b>Waterfall (Flying Bricks)</b><br />
It helps in understanding the cumulative effect of sequentially introduced positive or negative values.<br /><b>TreeMap</b><br />
It provides a hierarchical view of data and makes it easy to spot patterns.<br />Tree branches are represented by rectangles and each sub-branch is shown as a smaller rectangle.<br /><b>Funnel</b><br />
Used to represent stages in a sales process and show the amount of potential revenue for each stage.<br />It also helps to identify potential problem areas in an organization’s sales processes.<br /><b>Pyramid</b><br />
Column/bar chart that uses, pyramid-shaped items to show data.<br />
<b>Location Map</b><br />
Shown the margin to indicate the position of the sheet in relation to the surrounding country or to adjoining sheets of the same or adjacent map series.<br />
<b>Gauges</b><br />
Presents a single number as a meter reading.<br /><b>Heat Map</b><br />
Individual values contained in a matrix are represented as colors.<br /><br /><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1_qcWXAqafZD2RNLAm3wVj2yq7awoH9NT/view?usp=sharing"><img alt="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1_qcWXAqafZD2RNLAm3wVj2yq7awoH9NT/view?usp=sharing" border="0" data-original-height="321" data-original-width="512" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjYKMknZZrBtg-zGGSsboced24BuTuasX7_3rR0VjUgACDfPRObEpN2skOfXQptLrCHol4GGqtDZ46QgN3mlZPkdjeEReDTl55LBv6PfSs0S0jFtzMCTmFx3KK8pZ41C7mGmY6L-HTsoM0/s320/Download.png" width="320" /></a></div>
<br /></div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com